Evaluation of hazard distances related to toxic releases in a gas refinery: comparison of chemical exposure index and consequence modeling approaches

References

• Cao H, Li T, Li S, et al. An integrated emergency response model for toxic gas release accidents based on cellular automata. Ann Oper Res. 2017;255:617–638. doi: 10.1007/s10479-016-2125-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheraghi M, Eslami Baladeh A, Khakzad N. A fuzzy multi-attribute HAZOP technique (FMA-HAZOP): application to gas wellhead facilities. Saf Sci. 2019;114:12–22. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2018.12.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landucci G, Antonioni G, Tugnoli A, et al. HazMat transportation risk assessment: a revisitation in the perspective of the Viareggio LPG accident. J Loss Prev Process Ind. 2017;49:36–46. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2016.08.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Chen G-m. Quantitative risk analysis of toxic gas release caused poisoning – a CFD and dose–response model combined approach. Process Saf Environ Protect. 2010;88:253–262. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2010.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall JT, Mundt A. Dow’s chemical exposure index guide. Process Saf Progr. 1995;14:163–170. doi: 10.1002/prs.680140305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sa'idi E, Anvaripour B, Jaderi F, et al. Fuzzy risk modeling of process operations in the oil and gas refineries. J Loss Prev Process Ind. 2014;30:63–73. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2014.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheraghi M, Bagherian-Sahlavani A, Mohammad Fam I. Toxic chemical release hazard distance determination using Chemical Exposure Index (CEI) in a gas refinery. Iran J Chem Chem Eng. 2019;38.
   Google Scholar
• Sarkheil H, Rahbari S. HSE key performance indicators in HSE-MS establishment and sustainability: a case of South Pars Gas Complex. Iran. Int J Occup Hyg. 2016;8:45–53.
   Google Scholar
• Zarei E, Azadeh A, Khakzad N, et al. Dynamic safety assessment of natural gas stations using Bayesian network. J Hazard Mater. 2017;321:830–840. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagheri M, Alamdari A, Davoudi M. Quantitative risk assessment of sour gas transmission pipelines using CFD. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2016;31:108–118. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2016.02.057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu B, Chang D. Effect of full-bore natural gas release on fire and individual risks: a case study for an LNG-fueled ship. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2017;37:234–247. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2016.11.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendershot DC., editor Safety through design in the chemical process industry: inherently safer process design. Proceedings of the 1997 Symposium: Benchmarks for World Class Safety Through Design; 1997 Aug 19–20; Bloomingdale (IL): Institute for Safety Through Design, National Safety Council; 1998. p. 53–67.
   Google Scholar
• Gharabagh MJ, Asilian H, Mortasavi S, et al. Comprehensive risk assessment and management of petrochemical feed and product transportation pipelines. J Loss Prev Process Ind. 2009;22:533–539. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2009.03.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etowa C, Amyotte P, Pegg M, et al. Quantification of inherent safety aspects of the Dow indices. J Loss Prev Process Ind. 2002;15:477–487. doi: 10.1016/S0950-4230(02)00039-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parvini M, Gharagouzlou E. Gas leakage consequence modeling for buried gas pipelines. J Loss Prev Process Ind. 2015;37:110–118. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2015.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naemnezhad A, Isari AA, Khayer E, et al. Consequence assessment of separator explosion for an oil production platform in south of Iran with PHAST software. Model Earth Syst Environ. 2017;3:43. doi: 10.1007/s40808-017-0297-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zohdirad H, Ebadi T, Givehchi S. Predictive modeling of hazard radius for refinery hydrogen releases using regression technique. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2016;41:11491–11496. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witlox HWM, Harper M, Oke A, et al. PHAST validation of discharge and atmospheric dispersion for pressurised carbon dioxide releases. J Loss Prev Process Ind. 2014;30:243–255. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2013.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bariha N, Mishra IM, Srivastava VC. Fire and explosion hazard analysis during surface transport of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): a case study of LPG truck tanker accident in Kannur, Kerala, India. J Loss Prev Process Ind. 2016;40:449–460. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2016.01.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna S, Dharmavaram S, Zhang J, et al. Comparison of six widely-used dense gas dispersion models for three recent chlorine railcar accidents. Process Saf Progr. 2008;27:248–259. doi: 10.1002/prs.10257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbec M, Pontiggia M, Antonioni G, et al. Comparison of UDM and CFD simulations of a time varying release of LPG in geometrical complex environment. J Loss Prev Process Ind. 2017;45:56–68. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2016.11.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vianelloa C, Guerrinia L, Maschio G, et al. Consequence analysis: comparison of methodologies under API standard and commercial software. Chem Eng Trans. 2014;36:511–516.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. Washington (DC): DHHS/NIOSH; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). Dow’s Chemical Exposure Index guide. New York (NY): AIChE; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Hassim M, Hurme M. Inherent occupational health assessment during process research and development stage. J Loss Prev Process Ind. 2010;23:127–138. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2009.06.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). ERPG/WEEL handbook. Akron (OH): AIHA; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• DNV GL. PHAST tutorial manual. London (UK): DNV GL Software; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• TOTAL. General specification. Design of field facilities GS EP SAF 253. Paris: TOTAL; 2012. https://www.pogc.ir/portals/10/imeni/doc/GS_EP_SAF_253_EN.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mardani M, Ghasemi A. A credit approach to measure inherent hazards using the Fire, Explosion and Toxicity Index in the chemical process industry: case study of an Iso-max unit in an Iran oil refinery. Caspian J Health Res. 2015;1:1–17. doi: 10.18869/acadpub.cjhr.1.1.1
   Google Scholar