Rethinking frontline health workers’ safety performance in times of pandemic: the role of spiritual leadership

References

• Ahmad IA, Osei E. Occupational health and safety measures in healthcare settings during COVID-19: strategies for protecting staff, patients and visitors. Dis Med Public Health Preparedness. 2021;17:1–27. Available from: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_067574.pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization. World statistics [Internet]; 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 13].
   Google Scholar
• Chang C-H, Shao R, Wang M, et al. Workplace interventions in response to COVID-19: an occupational health psychology perspective. Occup Health Sci. 2021;5(1):1–23. doi:10.1007/s41542-021-00080-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO. The impact of COVID-19 on health and care workers: a closer look at deaths. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Bandyopadhyay S, Baticulon RE, Kadhum M. Infection and mortality of healthcare workers worldwide from COVID-19: a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(12):e003097. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamu Z. Over 2,000 health care workers in Ghana have been infected with coronavirus [Internet]. CNN; 2022 [cited 2022 Jun 13]. Available from: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/18/africa/ghana-healthcare-workers-coronavirus/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Kim S, Kim PB, Lee G. Predicting hospitality employees’ safety performance behaviors in the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Hosp Manage. 2021;93:102797. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Quansah PE, Obeng AF, et al. Investigating the effects of role demands, psychosocial stress symptoms and safety leadership on mineworkers’ safety performance. Psychol Res Behav Manage. 2020;13:419. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S245142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang L, Li F, Li Y, et al. Leader–member exchange and safety citizenship behavior: the mediating role of coworker trust. Work. 2017;56(3):387–395. doi:10.3233/WOR-172504
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voth J, Jaber L, MacDougall L, et al. The presence of psychological distress in healthcare workers across different care settings in windsor, Ontario, during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychol. 2022;13: 4671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafini G, Parmigiani B, Amerio A, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population. QJM: Int J Med. 2020;113(8):531–537.
   Google Scholar
• Ali M, Aziz S, Pham TN, et al. A positive human health perspective on how spiritual leadership weaves its influence on employee safety performance: the role of harmonious safety passion. Saf Sci. 2020;131:104923. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104923
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry LW. Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The leadership quarterly. 2003;14(6):693–727.
   Google Scholar
• Fry LW, Latham JR, Clinebell SK, et al. Spiritual leadership as a model for performance excellence: a study of baldrige award recipients. J Manage Spiritual Relig. 2017;14(1):22–47. doi:10.1080/14766086.2016.1202130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan N, Ahmad I, Ilyas M. Impact of ethical leadership on organizational safety performance: the mediating role of safety culture and safety consciousness. Ethics Behav. 2018;28(8):628–643. doi:10.1080/10508422.2018.1427097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Liu P, Hou W, et al. How spiritual leadership affects team safety performance: the role of team reflexivity and work interdependence. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2022;27(just-accepted):1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Zohar D. The effects of leadership dimensions, safety climate, and assigned priorities on minor injuries in work groups. J Organ Behav. 2002;23(1):75–92. doi:10.1002/job.130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann DA, Morgeson FP, Gerras S. Climate as a moderator of the relationship between leader–member exchange and content specific citizenship: safety climate as an exemplar. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88(1):170. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liden RC, Maslyn JM. Multidimensionality of leader–member exchange: an empirical assessment through scale development. J Manage. 1998;24(1):43–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan RM, Deci EL. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: classic definitions and new directions. Contemp Educ Psychol. 2000;25(1):54–67. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan RM, Deci EL. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemp Educ Psychol. 2020;61:101860. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin MA, Neal A. Perceptions of safety at work: a framework for linking safety climate to safety performance, knowledge, and motivation. J Occup Health Psychol. 2000;5(3):347. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.5.3.347
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mirza MZ, Isha ASN, Memon MA, et al. Psychosocial safety climate, safety compliance and safety participation: the mediating role of psychological distress. J Manage Organ. 2022;28(2):363–378. doi:10.1017/jmo.2019.35
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairholm GW. Spiritual leadership: fulfilling whole-self needs at work. Leadership Organization Development Journal. 1996;17:11–17.
   Google Scholar
• Wang M, Guo T, Ni Y, et al. The effect of spiritual leadership on employee effectiveness: an intrinsic motivation perspective. Front Psychol. 2019;9: 26–27. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy R, Gino B, d'Entremont P, et al. The importance of personal protective equipment design and donning and doffing technique in mitigating infectious disease spread: a technical report. Cureus. 2020;12(12):12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anser MK, Shafique S, Usman M, et al. Spiritual leadership and organizational citizenship behavior for the environment: an intervening and interactional analysis. J Environ Plann Manage. 2021;64(8):1496–1514. doi:10.1080/09640568.2020.1832446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ampon-Wireko S, Zhou L, Quansah PE, et al. Understanding the effects of COVID-19 stigmatisation on job performance: a survey of frontline healthcare workers. Ann Med. 2022;54(1):2039–2052. doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2089910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin Y-H, et al. Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey. Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):1–13. doi:10.1186/s40779-019-0229-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Chang M, Chen Z, et al. The chain mediation effect of spiritual leadership on employees’ innovative behavior. Leadersh Organ Dev J. 2020;42(1):114–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou W, Lin B, Su L, et al. Spiritual leadership and employee CSR participation: a probe from a sensemaking perspective. J Bus Ethics. 2022: 1–15;156:635–650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin MA, Curcuruto M. Safety climate in organizations. Annu Rev Organ Psychol Organ Behav. 2016;3:191–212. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062414
   Google Scholar
• Zohar D. Safety climate in industrial organizations: theoretical and applied implications. J Appl Psychol. 1980;65(1):96. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.65.1.96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahlin NA, Siti Aisyah Bahkiar AS, Idris S, et al. Improving safety performance in SMEs through safety climate, and safety motivation: a conceptual framework. In: Bahaaeddin A, Allam H, Carolyn S, Ruaa B, editors. International Conference on Business and Technology. Springer; 2022. p. 537–551.
   Google Scholar
• Lee S, Huffman M, Wang Q. Mindfulness-based cognitive safety and spiritual safety leadership for voluntary safety practice. Emerg Manage Sci. 2022;2(1):1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Renecle M, Curcuruto M, Lerín FJG, et al. Enhancing safety in high-risk operations: a multilevel analysis of the role of mindful organising in translating safety climate into individual safety behaviours. Saf Sci. 2021;138:105197. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neal A, Griffin MA, Hart PM. The impact of organizational climate on safety climate and individual behavior. Saf Sci. 2000;34(1–3):99–109. doi:10.1016/S0925-7535(00)00008-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson PT, Parker D, Lawton R, et al. The hearts and minds project: creating intrinsic motivation for HSE. In: David P, Eric B, Greg H, editors. SPE international Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production, Stavanger, Norway; OnePetro; 2000 June 26–28.
   Google Scholar
• Liu X, Huang G, Huang H, et al. Safety climate, safety behavior, and worker injuries in the Chinese manufacturing industry. Saf Sci. 2015;78:173–178. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.04.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asad M, Kashif M, Sheikh UA, et al. Synergetic effect of safety culture and safety climate on safety performance in SMEs: does transformation leadership have a moderating role? Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2022;28(3):1858–1864. doi:10.1080/10803548.2021.1942657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghaei H, Sadat Asadi Z, Mirzaei Aliabadi M, et al. The relationships smong occupational safety climate, patient safety climate, and safety performance based on structural equation modeling. J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(6):447–454. doi: 10.3961/jpmph.20.350.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu H, Wu T, Shao Y, et al. Safety-specific leadership, goal orientation, and near-miss recognition: the cross-level moderating effects of safety climate. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1136. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saedi A, Majid AA, Isa Z. Relationships between safety climate and safety participation in the petroleum industry: a structural equation modeling approach. Saf Sci. 2020;121:240–248. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2019.08.045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi H. The influence of safety-specific transformational leadership and high-quality relationships on mindful safety practices through safety climate: a study in Chinese petroleum industry. J Appl Secur Res. 2021;16(3):328–344. doi:10.1080/19361610.2020.1761744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farid T, Iqbal S, Khan A, et al. The impact of authentic leadership on organizational citizenship behaviors: the mediating role of affective- and cognitive-based trust. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1975. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quansah PE, Zhu Y, Obeng AF. Assessment of the effects of supervisor behaviour, safety motivation and perceived job insecurity on underground miner’s safety citizenship behaviour. Chin Manage Stud. 2022;16(2):356–381. doi:10.1108/CMS-08-2020-0361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho HX, Le ANH. Investigating the relationship between benevolent leadership and the organizational citizenship behaviour of academic staff: the mediating role of leader–member exchange. Manage Educ. 2020;37(2):74–84.
   Google Scholar
• Xie Z, Wu N, Yue T, et al. How leader–member exchange affects creative performance: an examination from the perspective of self-determination theory. Front Psychol. 2020;11:573793. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.573793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Du P-L, Wu L-F, et al. Leader–member exchange, employee turnover intention and presenteeism: the mediating role of perceived organizational support. Leadersh Organ Dev J. 2021;42(2):249–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashinyo ME, et al. Healthcare workers exposure risk assessment: a survey among frontline workers in designated COVID-19 treatment centers in Ghana. J Prim Care Commun Health. 2020;11:2150132720969483. doi:10.1177/2150132720969483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee J-Y, et al. Common method biases in behavioural research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88(5), 879–903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   Google Scholar
• Hahn SE, Murphy LR. A short scale for measuring safety climate. Saf Sci. 2008;46(7):1047–1066. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2007.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chughtai AA. Creating safer workplaces: the role of ethical leadership. Saf Sci. 2015;73:92–98. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2014.11.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaskin J, Lim J. Master validity tool. In: AMOS plugin. Gaskination’s StatWiki; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 1981;18(1):39–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringle CM, Sarstedt M, Mitchell R, et al. Partial least squares structural equation modeling in HRM research. Int J Human Res Manage. 2020;31(12):1617–1643. doi:10.1080/09585192.2017.1416655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadi NU, Abdullah N, Sentosa I. Making sense of mediating analysis: a marketing perspective. Rev Integr Bus Econ Res. 2016;5(2):62–76.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Quansah PE, Obeng AF, et al. High-performance work systems and safety performance in the mining sector: exploring the mediating influence of workforce agility and moderating effect of safety locus of control. Curr Psychol. 2022;42(29):1–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vianello M, Dalla Rosa A, Gerdel S. Career calling and task performance: the moderating role of job demand. J Career Assess. 2022;30(2):238–257. doi:10.1177/10690727211039454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar