Equine Risk Assessment for Insecticides Used in Adult Mosquito Management

REFERENCES

• Abdel-Magid , A H , Schuman , G E and Hart , R H . 1987 . Soil bulk density and water infiltration as affected by grazing systems . J Range Manag , 40 : 307 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Bunning , M L , Bowen , R A Cropp , C B . 2002 . Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus . Emerg Infect Dis , 8 : 380 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr , W C , Iyer , P and Gammon , D W . 2006 . A dietary risk assessment of the pyrethoid insecticide resmethrin associated with its use for West Nile virus mosquito vector control in California . Scientific World J , 6 : 279 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) . 2003 . Epidemic/Epizootic West Nile virus in the United States: Guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control , Fort Collins, CO, , USA : US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases . Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources/wnv-guidelines-aug-2003.pdf
   Google Scholar
• CDC . 2005 . West Nile virus activity—United States, January 1—December 1, 2005 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , 54 : 1253 – 6 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Currier , M , McNeill , M Campbell , D . 2005 . Human exposure to mosquito-control pesticides—Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia, 2002 and 2003 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , 54 : 529 – 32 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dauphin , G , Zientara , S Zeller , H . 2004 . West Nile: Worldwide current situation in animals and humans . Comp Immun Microbiol Infect Dis , 27 : 343 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , R S , Peterson , R KD and Macedo , P A . 2007 . An ecological risk assessment for insecticides used in adult mosquito management . Integr Environ Assess Manag , 3 : 373 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher , J S , Nellesen , J E and Pfleeger , T G . 1994 . Literature review and evaluation of the EPA food-chain (KENAGA) nomogram, an instrument for estimating pesticide residues on plants . Environ Toxicol Chem , 13 : 1383 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Frape , D L . 2004 . Equine nutrition and feeding , 664 Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher , K , Leech , J and Stowe , H . 1992 . Protein, energy and dry matter consumption by racing standardbreds: A field study . J Equine Vet Sci , 12 : 382 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Glade , M J . 1983 . Nutrition and performance of racing thoroughbreds . Equine Vet J , 15 : 31 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Grace , N D , Gee , E K Firth , E C . 2002 . Digestible energy intake, dry matter digestibility and mineral status of grazing New Zealand Thoroughbred yearlings . N Z Vet J , 50 : 63 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huhn , G D , Sejvar , J J Montgomery , S P . 2003 . West Nile virus in the United States: An update on an emerging infectious disease . Am Fam Physician , 68 : 653 – 60 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karpati , A M , Perrin , M C Matte , T . 2004 . Pesticide spraying for West Nile virus control and emergency department asthma visits in New York City, 2000 . Environ Health Perspect , 112 : 1183 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knepper , R G , Walker , E D Wagner , S A . 1996 . Deposition of malathion and permethrin on sod grass after single, ultra-low volume applications in a suburban neighborhood in Michigan . J Am Mosq Control Assoc , 12 : 45 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koterba , A M , Kosch , P C Beech , J . 1988 . Breathing strategy of the adult horse (Equus caballus) at rest . J Appl Physiol , 64 : 337 – 46 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lafortuna , C L and Saibene , F . 1991 . Mechanics of breathing in horses at rest and during exercise . J Exp Biol , 155 : 245 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Lafortuna , C L , Saibene , F Albertini , M . 2003 . The regulation of respiratory resistance in exercising horses . Eur J Appl Physiol , 90 : 396 – 404 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore , J C , Dukes , J C Clark , J R . 1993 . Downwind drift and deposition of malathion on human targets from ground ultra-low volume mosquito sprays . J Am Mosq Control Assoc , 9 : 138 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murgue , B , Murri , S Zientara , S . 2001 . West Nile outbreak in horses in southern France, 2000: The return after 35 years . Emerg Infect Dis , 7 : 692 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NLM (US National Library of Medicine) . 2005 . Hazardous Substance Database , Bethesda, MD, , USA : National Institute of Health . Available at http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
   Google Scholar
• NYCDOH (New York City Department of Health) . 2005 . Adult Mosquito Control Programs: Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Available at http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/wnv/feis.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Nyman , S , Jansson , A Lindholm , A . 2002 . Water intake and fluid shifts in horses: Effects of hydration status during two exercise tests . Equine Vet J , 34 : 133 – 42 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ostlund , E N , Crom , R L Pedersen , D D . 2001 . Equine West Nile encephalitis, United States . Emerg Infect Dis , 7 : 665 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Sullivan , B CY , Lafleur , J Fridal , K . 2005 . The effect of pesticide spraying on the rate and severity of ED asthma . Am J Emerg Med , 23 : 463 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul , E A , Simonin , H A and Tomajer , T M . 2005 . A comparison of the toxicity of synergized and technical formulations of permethrin, sumithrin, and resmethrin to trout . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 48 : 251 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peterson , R KD . 2006 . Comparing ecological risks of pesticides: The utility of a risk quotient ranking approach across refinements of exposure . Pest Manag Sci , 62 : 46 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , R KD , Macedo , P A and Davis , R S . 2006 . A human-health risk assessment for West Nile virus and insecticides used in mosquito management . Environ Health Perspect , 114 : 366 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , M B , Long , M T Getman , L M . 2003 . West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in horses: 46 cases (2001) . J Am Vet Med Assoc , 222 : 1241 – 7 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siger , L , Bowen , R Karaca , K . 2006 . Evaluation of the efficacy provided by a recombinant canarypox-vectored equine West Nile virus vaccine against an experimental West Nile virus intrathecal challenge in horses . Vet Ther , 7 : 249 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sponheimer , M , Robinson , T Roeder , B . 2003 . Digestion and passage rates of grass hays by llamas, alpacas, goats, rabbits, and horses . Small Ruminant Res , 48 : 149 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spray Drift Task Force . 2000 . Agdrift 2.0.05 Washington, DC, , USA
   Google Scholar
• Tasker , J B . 1967 . Fluid and electrolyte studies in the horse. III. Intake and output of water, sodium, and potassium in normal horses . Cornell Vet , 57 : 649 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Tietze , N S , Hester , P G and Shaffer , K R . 1994 . Mass recovery of malathion in simulated open field mosquito adulticide tests . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 26 : 473 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tietze , N S , Hester , P G Shaffer , K R . 1996 . Peridomestic deposition of ultra-low volume malathion applied as a mosquito adulticide . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 56 : 210 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trock , S C , Meade , B J Glaser , A L . 2001 . West Nile virus outbreak among horses in New York State, 1999 and 2000 . Emerg Infect Dis , 7 : 745 – 7 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tucker , J W , Thompson , C Q Wang , T C . 1987 . Toxicity of organophosphorous insecticides to estuarine copepods and young fish after field applications . J Fla Anti-Mosq Assoc , 58 : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• USDA-ARS (US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service) . 2005 . The ARS Pesticide Properties Database Beltsville, MD, , USA Available athttp://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=6433
   Google Scholar
• USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) . 1993 . Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook , Washington, DC, , USA : Office of Research and Development . EPA/600/R-93/187
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 1997 . Memorandum from Peckenpaugh J, Environmental Fate and Effects Division, to Monk K, Special Review and Reregistration Division. Re: EFED's Reregistration Chapter C for Naled Washington, DC, , USA
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 1999 . Aermod v. 1.0 , Washington, D.C. : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Available at http://www.epa.gov/scram001.7thmodconf.htm#aermod
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2000a . Memorandum from Deschamp PA, Health Effects Division to Moe P, Special Review and Reregistration Division. Malathion: Human Health Risk Assessment for the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document. Case No. 0248 Barcode D269070. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC, USA
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2000b . Tox Oneliners for Sumithrin (Phenothrin) Washington, DC, , USA
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2002 . Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Naled , Washington, DC, , USA : Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances . EPA 738-R-02-008
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2004 . Superfund Chemical Data Matrix (SCDM) Data Selection Methodology Chapter http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/hrsres/tools/scdm.htm Part 2—Data Selection Methodology PDF. Available at
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2005a . EXPRESS v. 1.00.00.12 Available at http://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/swater/express/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2005b . Memorandum from Daiss B, Health Effects Division, to Hall K, Special Review and Registration Division , Washington, DC, , USA : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Resmethrin HED Revised Risk Assessment for Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED). PC Code No 097801; DP Barcode No. 291446
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2005c . Pesticide Root Zone Model v. 3.12.3 Available at http://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/swater/express/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2005d . EFED Revised Risk Assessment for the Reregistration Eligibility Decision on Permethrin after Error Corrections Comments from the Registrant, Phase I. PC Code No 109701; DP Barcode No. D313975. Washington, DC, USA
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2005e . Memorandum from Ellis JL and Melendez JL, Environmental Fate and Effects Division, to Rodia C and Rice M, Special Review and Registration Division. EFED Error Correction for Pyrethrins RED Chapter. PC Code No 069001; DP Barcode No. D295740. Washington, DC, USA
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2005f . EFED RED Chapter for Resmethrin, Revision Phase 3. DP Barcode No. D326094. Washington, DC, USA
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2005g . Memorandum from Davy M, Eckel WP, and Lee R, Environmental Fate and Effects Division, to Rodia C, Special Review and Registration Division. Screening Level Ecological Risk Assessment for the Reregistration of Piperonyl Butoxide Insecticide Synergist. PC Code No 067501; DP Barcode No. D296882. Washington, DC, USA
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2006a . Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Malathion. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC, USA
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2006b . Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Permethrin. EPA 738-R-06-017. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC, USA
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2006c . Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) , Washington, DC, , USA : Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances . EPA 738-R-06-005
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2006d . Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Pyrethrins , Washington, DC, , USA : Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances . EPA 738-R-06-004
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 2006e . Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Resmethrin , Washington, DC, , USA : Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances . EPA 738-R-06-003
   Google Scholar
• van den Berg , J S , Guthrie , A J Meintjes , R A . 1998 . Water and electrolyte intake and output in conditioned thoroughbred horses transported by road . Equine Vet J , 30 : 316 – 23 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward , M P , Levy , M Thacker , H L . 2004 . Investigation of an outbreak of encephalomyelitis caused by West Nile virus in 136 horses . J Am Vet Med Assoc , 225 : 84 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward , M P , Schuermann , J A Highfield , L D . 2006 . Characteristics of an outbreak of West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in a previously uninfected population of horses . Vet Microbiol , 118 : 255 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weese , J S , Baird , J D DeLay , J . 2003 . West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in horses in Ontario: 28 cases . Can Vet J , 44 : 469 – 73 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO/FAO (World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization) . 1994 . http://www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pds/pest85_e.htm WHO/ FAO Data Sheet on Pesticides No. 85: D-phenothrin. Available at
   Google Scholar