773
Views
101
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Exposure Assessment of Pharmaceuticals and Their Metabolites in the Aquatic Environment: Application to the French Situation and Preliminary Prioritization

, &
Pages 665-695 | Received 21 Jun 2007, Accepted 06 Nov 2007, Published online: 25 Jul 2008

REFERENCES

  • AFSSAPS (Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé) . 2006 . Personal communication. Paris, France
  • Andreozzi , R , Raffaele , M and Nicklas , P . 2003 . Pharmaceuticals in STP effluents and their solar photodegradation in aquatic environment . Chemosphere , 50 : 319 – 30 .
  • Andreozzi , R , Caprio , V Ciniglia , C . 2004 . Antibiotics in the environment: Occurrence in Italian STPs, fate, and preliminary assessment on algal toxicity of amoxicillin . Environ Sci Technol , 38 : 6832 – 8 .
  • Ashton , D , Hilton , M and Thomas , K V . 2004 . Investigating the environmental transport of human pharmaceuticals to streams in the United Kingdom . Sci Total Environ , 333 : 167 – 84 .
  • BCB (Banque Claude Bernard) . 2006 . Available at http://www.resip.fr
  • BIAM . 2006 . Available at http://www.biam2.org Banque de données automatisée sur les médicaments
  • Bendz , D , Paxeus , N A Ginn , T R . 2005 . Occurrence and fate of pharmaceutically active compounds in the environment, a case study: Höje River in Sweden . J Hazard Mat , 122 : 195 – 204 .
  • Bindschedler , M , Degen , M Flesch , G . 1997 . Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of single oral doses of valsartan and furosemide . Eur J Clin Pharmacol , 52 : 371 – 8 .
  • Bound , J P and Voulvoulis , N . 2004 . Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment—A comparison of risk assessment strategies . Chemosphere , 56 : 1143 – 55 .
  • Bound , J P and Voulvoulis , N . 2006 . Predicted and measured concentrations for selected pharmaceuticals in UK rivers: Implications for risk assessment . Wat Res , 40 : 2885 – 92 .
  • Brain , R A , Johnson , D J Richards , S M . 2004 . Microcosm evaluation of the effects of an eight pharmaceutical mixture to the aquatic macrophytes Lemna gibba and Myriophyllum sibiricum . Aquatic Toxicol , 70 : 23 – 40 .
  • Carballa , M , Omil , F Lema , J M . 2005 . Behaviour of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a sewage treatment plant of northwest Spain . Water Sci Technol , 52 : 29 – 35 .
  • Carlsson , C , Johansson , A-K Alvan , G . 2006 . Are pharmaceuticals potent environnemental pollutants? Part I: Environmental risk assessments of selected active pharmaceutical ingredients . Sci Tot Environ , 364 : 67 – 87 .
  • Castiglioni , S , Bagnati , R Fanelli , R . 2006 . Removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Italy . Environ Sci Technol , 40 : 357 – 63 .
  • Chang , H , Hu , J and Shao , B . 2007 . Occurrence of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids in sewage treatment plants and receiving river waters . Environ Sci Technol , 41 : 3462 – 8 .
  • Christensen , A M , Faaborg-Andersen , S Ingerslev , F . 2007 . Mixture and single-substance toxicity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors toward algae and crustaceans . Environ Toxicol Chem , 26 : 85 – 91 .
  • Clara , M , Strenn , B Gans , O . 2005 . Removal of selected pharmaceuticals, fragrances and endocrine disrupting compounds in a membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment plants . Water Res , 39 : 4797 – 807 .
  • Cleuvers , M . 2003 . Initial risk assessment for three β-blockers found in the aquatic environment . Chemosphere , 59 : 199 – 205 .
  • Daughton , C G and Ternes , T A . 1999 . Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: Agents of subtle change? . Environ Health Perspec , 107 : 907 – 38 .
  • D'Ascenzo , G , Di Corcia , A Gentili , A . 2003 . Fate of natural estrogen conjugates in municipal sewage transport and treatment facilities . Sci Total Environ , 302 : 199 – 209 .
  • DellaGreca , M , Fiorentino , A Isidori , M . 2004 . Toxicity of prednisolone, dexamethasone and their photochemical derivatives on aquatic organisms . Chemosphere , 54 : 629 – 37 .
  • Dorosz , P . 2007 . Guide Pratique des Médicaments, , 22nd ed , Paris, , France : Maloine Editions .
  • DREES . 2006 . Direction de la recherche des études de l'évaluation et des statistiques. Les ventes de médicaments remboursables en 2005. Clerc ME. Etudes et résultats 508
  • Drugdex© . 2006 . Available at http://www.micromedex.com/products/drugdex/ Thomson Micromedex Healthcare Series, vol 129 and 130
  • 2006 . Available at http://www.Drugs.com, Prescription Drug Information, Side Effects, Interactions
  • Dulin , R , Silberstein , N Bonnin , M . 2002 . Comparison and practical guidelines of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [Comparaison et critères de choix des inhibiteurs sélectifs de la recapture de la sérotonine] . Journal de Pharmacie Clinique , 21 : 39 – 46 .
  • Dzialowski , E M , Turner , P K and Brooks , B W . 2006 . Physiological and reproductive effects of beta adrenergic receptor antagonists in Daphnia magna . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 50 : 503 – 10 .
  • Eguchi , K , Nagase , H Ozawa , M . 2004 . Evaluation of antimicrobial agents for veterinary use in the ecotoxicity test using microalgae . Chemosphere , 57 : 1733 – 8 .
  • EMEA (European Medicine Agency) . 2006 . Guideline on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use. EMEA/CHMP/SWP/4447/00. London, UK
  • Endicoot , J A and Ling , V . 1989 . The biochemistry of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance . Annu Rev Biochem , 58 : 137 – 71 .
  • Escher , B I , Bramaz , N Richter , M . 2006 . Comparative ecotoxicological hazard assessment of beta-blockers and their human metabolites using a mode-of-action-based test battery and a QSAR approach . Environ Science Technol , 40 : 7402 – 8 .
  • FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) . 1996 . Retrospective Review of Ecotoxicity Data Submitted in Environmental Assessments , Rockville, MD, , USA : Center for Drug Evaluation and Research . (Docket No. 96N-0057)
  • Fent , K , Weston , A A and Caminada , D . 2006 . Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals . Aquatic Toxicol , 76 : 122 – 59 .
  • Ferrari , B , Mons , R Vollat , B . 2004 . Environmental risk assessment of six human pharmaceuticals: Are the current environmental risk assessment procedures sufficient for the protection of the aquatic environment? . Environ Toxicol Chem , 23 : 1344 – 54 .
  • Fraysse , B and Garric , J . 2005 . Prediction and experimental validation of acute toxicity of β-blockers in Ceriodaphnia dubia . Environ Toxicol Chem , 24 : 2470 – 6 .
  • Garric , J , Ferrari , B Fraysse , B . 2006 . Impact de médicaments à usage humain sur les organismes aquatiques d'eau douce . Environnement Risques et Santé , 5 : 290 – 5 .
  • Halling-Sorensen , B , Nors Nielsen , S Lanzky , P F . 1998 . Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment—A review . Chemosphere , 36 : 357 – 93 .
  • Han , G H , Hur , H G and Kim , S D . 2006 . Ecotoxicological risk of pharmaceuticals from wastewater treatment plants in Korea: Occurrence and toxicity to Daphnia magna . Environ Toxicol Chem , 25 : 265 – 71 .
  • Hardman , J G , Limbird , L E Molinoff , P S , eds. 1996 . Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, , 9th ed , New York, , USA : McGraw-Hill Professional .
  • Henry , T B , Kwon , J W Armbrust , K L . 2004 . Acute and chronic toxicity of five selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in Ceriodaphnia dubia . Environ Toxicol Chem , 23 : 2229 – 33 .
  • Hirsch , R , Ternes , T Haberer , K . 1999 . Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment . Sci Total Environ , 225 : 109 – 18 .
  • Holten-Lützhøft , H C , Halling-Sørensen , B and Jørgensen , S E . 1999 . Algal toxicity of antibacterial agents applied in Danish fish farming . Arch Environ Con Tox , 36 : 1 – 6 .
  • HSDB (Hazardous Substances Databank) . Available at http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov
  • Huggett , D B , Brooks , B W Peterson , B . 2002 . Toxicity of select beta adrenergic receptor-blocking pharmaceuticals (B-blockers) on aquatic organisms . Arch Environ Cont Toxicol , 43 : 229 – 35 .
  • Huggett , D B , Cook , J C Ericson , J F . 2003 . A theoretical model for utilizing mammalian pharmacology and safety data to prioritize potential impacts of human pharmaceuticals to fish . Hum Ecol Risk Assess , 9 : 1789 – 99 .
  • Huschek , G , Hansen , P D Maurer , H H . 2004 . Environmental risk assessment of medicinal products for human use according to European Commission recommendations . Environ Toxicol , 19 : 226 – 40 .
  • Hyttel , J . 1993 . Comparative pharmacology of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) . Nord J Psychiat , 47 : 5 – 12 .
  • Isidori , M , Lavorgna , M Nardelli , A . 2005 . Ecotoxicity of naproxen and its phototransformation products . Sci Tot Environ , 348 : 93 – 101 .
  • Isidori , M , Nardelli , A Parrella , A . 2006 . A multispecies study to assess the toxic and genotoxic effect of pharmaceuticals: Furosemide and its photoproduct . Chemosphere , 63 : 785 – 93 .
  • Jjemba , P K . 2006 . Excretion and ecotoxicity of pharmaceutical and personal care products in the environment . Ecotox Environ Safe , 63 : 113 – 30 .
  • Jones , O AH , Voulvoulis , N and Lester , J N . 2002 . Aquatic environmental assessment of the top 25 English prescription pharmaceuticals . Wat Res , 36 : 5013 – 22 .
  • Kolpin , D W , Furlong , E T Meyer , M T . 2002 . Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999–2000: A national reconnaissance . Environ Sci Technol , 36 : 1202 – 11 .
  • Köpf , W . Effects of endocrine substances in bioassays with aquatic organisms . Presentation at the 50th seminar of the Bavarian Association for Water Supply. Substances with endocrine effect in water . (Quoted in Webb 2001)
  • Kümmerer , K . 2000 . Drugs, diagnostic agents and disinfectants in wastewater and water—A review . Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden-und Lufthygiene , 105 : 59 – 71 .
  • Kümmerer , K , ed. 2001 . Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks , New York, NY, , USA : Springer-Verlag .
  • Lange , R and Dietrich , D . 2002 . Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical drug substa-nces—Conceptual considerations . Toxicol Lett , 131 : 97 – 104 .
  • Langston , W J , Burt , G R Chesman , B S . 2005 . Partitioning, bioavailability and effects of oestrogens and xeno-oestrogens in the aquatic environment . J Mar Biol Assoc UK , 85 : 1 – 31 .
  • Liebig , M , Moltmann , J F and Knacker , T . 2006 . Evaluation of measured and predicted environmental concentrations of selected human pharmaceuticals and personal care products . Environ Sci Pollut Res , 13 : 110 – 9 .
  • Lienert , J , Güdel , K and Escher , B I . 2007 . Screening method for ecotoxicological hazard assessment of 42 pharmaceuticals considering human metabolism and excretory routes . Environ Sci Technol , 41 : 4471 – 8 .
  • Lynn , R K , Smith , R G Thompson , R M . 1978 . Characterization of glucuronide metabolites of carbamazepine in human urine by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry . Drug Metab Dispos , 6 : 494 – 501 .
  • Marques , C R , Abrantes , N and Goncalves , F . 2004 . Life-history traits of standard and autochthonous cladocerans: I . Acute and chronic effects of acetylsalicylic acid. Environ Toxicol , 19 : 518 – 26 .
  • Martindale . 2002 . The Complete Drug Reference , 33 edition , Edited by: Sweetman , Sean C . London, UK : Pharmaceutical Press .
  • Merck . 2001 . The Merck Index, , 13th ed , London, UK : Merck Publications .
  • Miège , C , Favier , M Brosse , C . 2006 . Occurrence of betablockers in effluents of wastewater treatment plants from the Lyon area (France) and risk assessment for the downstream rivers . Talanta , 70 : 739 – 44 .
  • Mills , L J and Chichester , C . 2005 . Review of evidence: Are endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the aquatic environment impacting fish populations? . Sci Total Environ , 343 : 1 – 34 .
  • Oaks , J L , Gilbert , M Virani , M Z . 2004 . Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan . Nature , 427 : 630 – 33 .
  • Paffoni , C , Welte , B Gousailles , M . 2006 . New molecules involved by the European directives: From wastewater to drinking water treatment plants [Nouvelles molécules mises en cause par les directives européennes: De la station d'épuration à l'usine de traitement d'eau potable] . J Européen d'Hydrologie , 37 : 21 – 38 .
  • Paxéus , N . 2004 . Removal of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), gemfibrozil, carbamazepine, β-blockers, trimethoprim and triclosan in conventional wastewater treatment plants in five EU countries and their discharge to the aquatic environment . Water Sci Technol , 50 : 253 – 60 .
  • PNSE . 2004 . Available at www.sante.gouv.fr/htm/dossiers/pnse/rapport.pdf Plan National Santé Environnement. Ministère de la Santé et de la Protection sociale. Ministère de l'Écologie et du Développement durable. Ministère de l'Emploi, du Travail et de la Cohésion sociale. Ministère délégué à la Recherche
  • Qin-Tao , L and Williams , H E . 2007 . Kinetics and degradation products for direct photolysis of β-blockers in water . Environ Sci Technol , 41 : 803 – 10 .
  • Rabiet , M , Togola , A Brissaud , F . 2006 . Consequences of treated water recycling as regards pharmaceuticals and drugs in surface and ground waters of a medium-sized Mediterranean catchment . Environ Sci Technol , 40 : 5282 – 8 .
  • Richards , S M , Wilson , C J Johnson , D J . 2004 . Effects of pharmaceutical mixtures in aquatic microcosms . Environ Toxicol Chem , 23 : 1035 – 42 .
  • Schorderet , M . 1998 . Pharmacologie: Des concepts fondamentaux aux applications therapeutiques, , 3rd ed , Paris, , France : Frison Roche .
  • Schwaiger , J , Ferling , H Mallow , U . 2004 . Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammat-ory drug diclofenac . Part I: Histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout. Aquatic Toxicol , 68 : 141 – 50 .
  • Seiler , J P . 2002 . Pharmacodynamic activity of drugs and ecotoxicology—Can the two be connected? . Toxicol Lett , 131 : 105 – 15 .
  • Stumpf , M , Ternes , T A Wilken , R D . 1999 . Polar drug residues in sewage and natural waters in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil . Sci Total Environ , 225 : 135 – 41 .
  • Ternes , T A . 1998 . Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers . Water Res , 32 : 3245 – 60 .
  • Ternes , T A , Kreckel , P and Mueller , J . 1999 . Behaviour and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants—II. Aerobic batch experiments with activated sludge . Sci Total Environ , 225 : 91 – 9 .
  • TGD . 2003 . Technical Guidance Document on risk Assessment , Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . TGD part II. European Commission joint research centre. EUR 20418 EN/2
  • Togola , A , Bristeau , S and Amalric , L . Occurence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems of Loire-Britlang Basin (France) . Poster communication. ERAPharm International Conference on Pharmaceuticals in the Environment . York, UK : Lakeside Conference Center .
  • Toomey , B H and Epel , D . 1993 . Multixenobiotic resistance in Urechis caupo embryos: Protection from environmental toxins . Biol Bull , 185 : 355 – 64 .
  • Triebskorn , R , Casper , H Heyd , A . 2004 . Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammato-ry drug diclofenac: Part II. Cytological effects in liver, kidney, gills and intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Aquatic Toxicol , 68 : 151 – 66 .
  • Waggott , A . 1981 . “ Trace organic substances in the River Lee ” . In Chemistry in Water Reuse , Edited by: Cooper , W J . 55 – 99 . Ann Arbor, MI, , USA : Ann Arbor Publishers .
  • Webb , S F . 2001 . “ A data based perspective on the environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals. Collation of available ecotoxicity data ” . In Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks , Edited by: Kümmerer , K . 221 – 30 . New York, NY, , USA : Springer-Verlag .
  • Williams , M , Saison , C LA Williams , D B . 2006 . Can aquatic distribution of human pharmaceuticals be related to pharmacological data? . Chemosphere , 65 : 2253 – 9 .
  • Yamashita , N , Yasojima , M Nakada , N . 2006 . Effects of antibacterial agents, levofloxacin and clarithromycin, on aquatic organisms . Water Sci Technol , 53 : 65 – 72 .
  • Zuccato , E , Castiglioni , S and Fanelli , R . 2005 . Identification of the pharmaceuticals for human use contaminating the Italian aquatic environment . J Hazard Mater , 122 : 205 – 9 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.