Cadmium Exposure in the South Korean Population: Implications of Input Assumptions for Deterministic Dietary Assessment

REFERENCES

• Andersson , A and Nilsson , K O . 1972 . Enrichment of trace elements from sewage sludge fertilizer in soil and plants . Ambio , 1 : 176 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Baragli , R , Barghigiani , C Siegel , B Z . 1991 . Trace metal anomalies in surface soils and vegetation on two active island volcanoes . Sci Total Environ , 102 : 209 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglund , M , Akesson , A Nermell , B . 1994 . Intestinal absorption of dietary cadmium in women depends on body iron stores and fiber intake . Environ Health Perspect , 102 : 1058 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brzoska , M M and Moniuszko-Jakoniuk , J . 1998 . The influence of calcium content in diet on accumulation and toxicity of cadmium in the organism . Arch Toxicol , 72 : 63 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung , S Y , Kim , M Sho , Y S . 2001 . Trace metal contents in vegetables and their safety evaluations . J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr , 30 : 32 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , R D . 1984 . Cadmium—A complex environmental problem. Part II. Cadmium in sludges used as fertilizer . Experientia , 40 : 117 – 226 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diamond , G L , Goodrum , P E Felter , S P . 1997 . Gastrointestinal absorption of metals . Drug Chem Toxicol , 20 : 345 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsenhans , B , Strugala , G J and Schafer , S G . 1997 . Small-intestinal absorption of cadmium and the significance of mucosal metallothionein . Human Exp Toxicol , 16 : 429 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrier , H , Nieuwenhuijsen , M Boobis , A . 2002 . Current knowledge and recent developments in consumer exposure assessment of pesticides: A UK perspective . Food Additives Contaminants , 19 : 837 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagan , P R , McLellan , J S Haist , J . 1978 . Increased dietary cadmium absorption in mice and human subjects with iron deficiency . Gastroenterology , 46 : 609 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Flynm , M R . 2004 . The beta distribution—A physically consistent model for human exposure to airborne contaminants . Stoch Envir Res Risk Assess , 18 : 306 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galal-Gorchev , H . 1993 . Dietary intake, levels in food and estimated intake of lead, cadmium and mercury . Food Addit Contam , 10 : 115 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herawati , N , Suzuki , K Hayashi , I . 2000 . Cadmium, copper, and zinc levels in rice and soil of Japan, Indonesia, and China by soil type . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 64 : 33 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochi , Y , Kido , T Nogawa , K . 1995 . Dose-response relationship between total cadmium intake and prevalence of renal dysfunction using general linear models . J Appl Toxicol , 15 : 109 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutton , M and Symon , C . 1986 . The quantities of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic entering the UK environment from human activities . Sci Total Environ , 57 : 129 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda , M . 1992 . “ Biological monitoring of general population for cadmium ” . In Cadmium in the Human Environment , Edited by: Nordberg , G F , Herber , R FM and Alessio , L . Lyon, , France : International Agency for Research on Cancer .
   Google Scholar
• IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety) . 1992a . Environmental Health Criteria 134, Cadmium , Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• IPCS . 1992b . Environmental Health Criteria 135, Cadmium Environmental Aspect , Geneva, , Switzerland : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• Jarup , L , Berglund , M Elinder , C . 1998 . Health effects of cadmium exposure—A review of literature and a risk estimate . Scand J Environ Health , 24 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 1 – 52 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones , K C , Symon , C J and Johnston , A E . 1987 . Retrospective analysis of archived soil collection . II Cadmium. Sci Total Environ , 67 : 75 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KHIDI (Korea Health Industry Development Institute) . 2005 . Food Ingestion Factors for Dietary Exposure: 2001 NHNS , Seoul, , South Korea : KHIDI .
   Google Scholar
• Kiluchi , Y , Nomiyama , T Kumagai , N . 2003 . Uptake of cadmium in meals from digestive tract of young non-smoking Japanese female volunteers . J Occup Health , 45 : 43 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , M . 2004a . Determination of lead and cadmium in wines by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry . Food Addit Contam , 21 : 154 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , M . 2004b . Mercury, cadmium and arsenic contents of calcium dietary supplements . Food Addit Contam , 21 : 763 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , M , Chang , M I Chung , S Y . 2000 . Trace metal contents in cereals, pulses and potatoes and their safety evaluations . J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr , 29 : 364 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , M , Kim , J S , Sho , Y S Chung , S Y . 2003 . The study on heavy metal contents in various foods . Korean J Food Sci Technol , 53 : 561 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , M , Lee , Y D Park , H J . 2004 . Contents of toxic metals in crustaceans consumed in Korea . Korean J Food Sci Technol , 36 : 375 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Kjellstrom , T , Lind , B Linnman , L . 1975 . Variation in cadmium concentration in Swedish wheat and barley . Arch Environ Health , 30 : 321 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruzynski , G M . 2004 . Cadmium in oysters and scallops; the BC experience . Toxicol Lett , 148 : 159 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , H S , Cho , Y H Park , S O . 2006 . Dietary exposure of the Korean population to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury . J Food Comp Anal , 19 : S31 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon , C S , Zhang , Z W Shimbo , S . 1995 . Dietary intake of cadmium and lead among the general population in Korea . Environ Res , 71 : 46 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasreddine , L and Parent-Massin , D . 2002 . Food contamination by metals and pesticides in the European Union: Should we worry? . Toxicol Lett , 127 : 19 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishijo , M , Tawara , K Honda , R . 2004 . Cadmium and nutritional intake in pregnant Japanese women . Toxicol Lett , 148 : 171 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogawa , K and Ishizake , A . 1979 . A comparison between cadmium in rice and renal effects among inhabitants of the Jinzu River basin . Environ Res , 18 : 410 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nriagu , J O . 1989 . A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace elements . Nature , 338 : 47 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) . 1981 . Food Consumption Statistics, 1964–1978 Paris, , France
   Google Scholar
• Reilly , C . 2002 . Metal Contamination of Food, , 3rd ed , New York, NY, , USA : Elsevier Applied Science .
   Google Scholar
• Satarug , S and Moore , M R . 2004 . Adverse health effects of chronic exposure to low-level cadmium in foodstuffs and cigarette smoke . Envir Health Perspect , 112 : 1099 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satarug , S , Haswell-Elkins , M R and Moore , M R . 2000 . Safe levels of cadmium intake to prevent renal toxicity in human subjects . Br J Nutr , 84 : 791 – 802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satarug , S , Baker , J R Reilly , P EB . 2002 . Cadmium levels in the lung, liver, kidney cortex and urine samples from Australians without occupational exposure to metals . Arch Environ Health , 57 : 69 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satarug , S , Baker , J R Urbenjapol , S . 2003 . A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population . Toxicol Lett , 137 : 65 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satarug , S , Ujjin , P Vanavanitkun , Y . 2004 . Influence of body iron store status and cigarette smoking on cadmium body burden of healthy Thai women and men . Toxicol Lett , 148 : 177 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherlock , J C . 1984 . Cadmium in foods and the diet . Experientia , 40 : 152 – 6 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sho , Y S , Chung , S Y Kim , J . 2000 . Trace metal contents in fishes and shellfishes and their safety evaluations . J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr , 29 : 549 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Staessen , J A , Lauwerys , R R Ide , G . 1994 . Renal function and historical environmental cadmium pollution from zinc smelters . Lancet , 343 : 1523 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staessen , J A , Buchet , J P Ginucchio , G . 1996 . Public health implications of environmental exposure to cadmium and lead: An overview of epidemiological studies in Belgium . J Cardiovasc Risk , 3 : 26 – 41 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Storelli , M M and Marcotrigiano , G O . 2001 . Consumption of bivalve mollusks in Italy: Estimated intake of cadmium and lead . Food Addit Contam , 18 : 3030 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe , T , Koizumi , A Fujita , H . 1984 . Dietary cadmium intakes of farmers in nonpolluted areas in Japan, and the relation with blood cadmium levels . Environ Res , 37 : 33 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , T , Nakatsuka , H and Ikeda , M . 1989 . Cadmium and lead contents in rice available in various areas in Asia . Sci Total Environ , 80 : 175 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , T , Nakatsuka , H Shimbo , S . 1996a . Reduced cadmium and lead burden in Japan in the past 10 years . Int Arch Occup Environ Health , 68 : 305 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , T , Shimbo , S Moon , C S . 1996b . Cadmium contents in rice samples from various areas in the world . Sci Total Environ , 184 : 191 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , T , Zhang , Z W Moon , C S . 2000 . Cadmium exposure of women in general populations in Japan during 1991–1997 compared with 1977–1981 . Int Arch Occup Environ Health , 73 : 26 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO (World Health Organization) . 1992 . Cadmium Geneva, , Switzerland Environmental Health Criteria 134
   Google Scholar
• WHO . 1993 . Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, Forty-first Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series No. 837. Geneva, Switzerland
   Google Scholar
• WHO . 2006 . Evaluation of Certain Food Contaminants , WHO Technical Report Series 930 Geneva, , Switzerland
   Google Scholar
• Williams , C H and David , D J . 1973 . The effect of superphosphate on the cadmium content of soils and plants . Austral J Soil Res , 11 : 43 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Z-W , Shimbo , S Ochi , N . 1997 . Determination of lead and cadmium in food and blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; a comparison with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry . Sci Total Environ , 205 : 179 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar