Probabilistic Risk Assessment and Risk Mapping of Sediment Metals in Sydney Harbour Embayments

REFERENCES

• ANZECC/ARMCANZ . 2000 . Australian National Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality , Canberra, ACT, , Australia : Australia and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council/Agricultural and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand .
   Google Scholar
• Austen , M C and McEvoy , A J . 1997 . The use of offshore meiobenthic communities in laboratory microcosm experiments: Response to heavy metal contamination . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 211 : 247 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bat , L and Raffaelli , D . 1998 . Sediment toxicity testing: A bioassay approach using the amphipod Corophium volutator and the polychaete Arenicola marina . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 226 : 217 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch , G and Taylor , S . 1999 . Source of heavy metals in sediments of the Port Jackson estuary, Australia . Sci Total Environ , 227 : 123 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch , G F and Taylor , S E . 2000 . Distribution and possible sources of organochlorine residues in sediments of a large urban estuary, Port Jackson, Sydney . Aust J Earth Sci , 47 : 749 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch , G F and Taylor , S E . 2004 . The Contaminant Status of Sydney Harbour Sediments: A Handbook for the Public and Professionals , Sydney, NSW, , Australia : Environmental, Engineering and Hydrogeology Specialist Group, Geological Society of Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , P L , Twining , J R Bennett , J W . The geochemistry of acid rock drainage and estimating its ecological impact at a uranium mine in tropical Australia . Uranium 2000: Proceeding of the International Symposium on the Process Metallurgy of Uranium . Saskatoon, Canada. Edited by: Ozberk , E . pp. 643 – 657 .
   Google Scholar
• Chiu , C Y , Hsiu , F S Chen , S S . 1995 . Reduced toxicity of Cu and Zn to mangrove seedlings (Kandelia candel (L.) Druce.) in saline environments . Bot Bull Acad Sin , 36 : 19 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Correia , A D and Costa , M H . 2000 . Effects of sediment geochemical properties on the toxicity of copper-spiked sediments to the marine amphipod Gammarus locusta . Sci Total Environ , 247 : 99 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleeger , J W , Carman , K R and Nisbet , R M . 2003 . Indirect effects of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems . Sci Total Environ , 317 : 207 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes , V E and Calow , P . 2002 . Species sensitivity distributions revisited: A critical appraisal . Hum Ecol Risk Assess , 8 : 473 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale , S A , Smith , S V Lim , R P . 2003 . Insights into the mechanisms of copper tolerance of a population of black-banded rainbowfish (Melanotaenia nigrans) (Richardson) exposed to mine leachate, using 64/67Cu . Aquat Toxicol , 62 : 135 – 53 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George , T K , Liber , K Solomon , K R . 2003 . Assessment of the probabilistic ecological risk assessment-toxic equivalent combination approach for evaluating pesticide mixture toxicity to zooplankton in outdoor microcosms . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 45 : 453 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , A S , Chandler , G T and Blood , E R . 1993 . Aqueous-, pore-water-, and sediment-phase cadmium: Toxicity relationships for a meiobenthic copepod . Environ Toxicol Chem , 12 : 1497 – 506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagopian-Schlekat , T , Chandler , G T and Shaw , T J . 2001 . Acute toxicity of five sediment-associated metals, individually and in a mixture, to the estuarine meiobenthic harpacticoid copepod Amphiascus tenuiremis . Mar Environ Res , 51 : 247 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickey , C W and Roper , D S . 1992 . Acute toxicity of cadmium to two species of infaunal marine amphipods (tube dwelling and burrowing) from New Zealand . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 49 : 165 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvine , I and Birch , G F . 1998 . Distribution of heavy metals in surficial sediments of Port Jackson, Sydney, New South Wales . Aust J Earth Sci , 45 : 297 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp , P F , Swartz , R C and Lamberson , J O . 1986 . Response of the phoxocephalid amphipod, Rhepoxynius abronius, to a small oil spill in Yaquina bay, Oregon . Estuaries , 9 : 340 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• King , C K , Dowse , M C Simpson , S L . 2004 . An assessment of five Australian polychaetes and bivalves for use in whole-sediment toxicity tests: Toxicity and accumulation of copper and zinc from water and sediment . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 47 : 314 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klerks , P L and Lentz , S A . 1998 . Resistance to lead and zinc in the western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis inhabiting contaminated Bayou Trepagnier . Ecotoxicology , 7 : 11 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung , K MY , Bjorgesaeter , A Gray , J S . 2005 . Deriving sediment quality guidelines from field-based species sensitivity distributions . Environ Sci Technol , 39 : 5148 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindegarth , M and Underwood , A J . 2002 . A manipulative experiment to evaluate predicted changes in intertidal, macro-faunal assemblages after contamination by heavy metals . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 274 : 41 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Long , E R and Morgan , L G . 1990 . The Potential for Biological Effects of Sediment-Sorbed Contaminants Tested in the National Status and Trends Program , Seattle, WA, , USA : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 52
   Google Scholar
• MacFarlane , G R . 2002 . Leaf biochemical parameters in Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh as potential biomarkers of heavy metal stress in estuarine ecosystems . Mar Pollut Bull , 44 : 244 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacFarlane , G R and Burchett , M D . 2002 . Toxicity, growth and accumulation relationships of copper, lead and zinc in the Grey Mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh . Mar Environ Res , 54 : 65 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacFarlane , G R , Booth , D J and Brown , K R . 2000 . The Semaphore Crab, Heloecius cordiformis: Bio-indication potential for heavy metals in estuarine systems . Aquat Toxicol , 50 : 153 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCready , S , Birch , G F Long , E R . 2006a . Relationships between toxicity and concentrations of chemical contaminants in sediments from Sydney Harbour, Australia, and vicinity . Environ Monit Assess , 120 : 187 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCready , S , Birch , G F Long , E R . 2006b . An evaluation of the Australian sediment quality guidelines . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 50 : 306 – 15 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McPherson , C A and Chapman , P M . 2000 . Copper effects on potential sediment test organisms: The importance of appropriate sensitivity . Mar Pollut Bull , 40 : 656 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Marsden , I D and Wong , C HT . 2001 . Effects of sediment copper on a tube-dwelling estuarine amphipod, Paracorophium excavatum . Mar Freshw Res , 52 : 1007 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mearns , A J , Swartz , R C Cummins , J M . 1986 . Inter-laboratory comparison of a sediment toxicity test using the marine amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius . Mar Environ Res , 19 : 13 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Mesley , E . Measuring changes in estuaries: Use of a geomorphic model as a proposed surrogate for ecological habitat in Port Jackson, NSW . ECSA 37–ERF 2004: Estuaries and Change . June 20–24 , Ballina, NSW, Australia. pp. 183 Program Book and Abstracts
   Google Scholar
• Moreno-Garrido , I , Hampel , M Lubián , L M . 2003 . Sediment toxicity tests using benthic marine microalgae Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehremberg) Lewin and Reimann (Bacillariophyceae) . Ecotoxicol Environ Saf , 54 : 290 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olla , B L , Estelle , V B Swartz , R C . 1988 . Responses of polychaetes to cadmium-contaminated sediment: Comparison of uptake and behavior . Environ Toxicol Chem , 7 : 587 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Posthuma , L , Suter , G W and Traas , T P . 2001 . Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology , Boca Raton, FL, , USA : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Rainbow , P S . 2002 . Trace metal concentrations in aquatic invertebrates: Why and so what? . Environ Pollut , 120 : 497 – 507 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , A M , Lamberson , J O Cole , F A . 1988 . Techniques for culturing marine algae and invertebrates for use in toxicity tests . Environ Toxicol Chem , 7 : 953 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Roper , D S and Hickey , C W . 1994 . Behavioural responses of the marine bivalve Macomona liliana exposed to copper- and chlordane-dosed sediments . Mar Biol , 118 : 673 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy , P S . 1984 . “ New South Wales estuaries—their origin and evolution ” . In Coastal geomorphology in Australia , Edited by: Thom , B G . 99 – 121 . Sydney, NSW, , Australia : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roy , P S , Williams , R J Jones , A R . 2001 . Structure and function of south-east Australian estuaries . Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci , 53 : 351 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao , Q . 2000 . Estimation of hazardous concentrations based on NOEC toxicity data: An alternative approach . Environmetrics , 11 : 583 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin , P KS , Ng , A WM and Cheung , R YH . 2002 . Burrowing responses of the short-neck clam Ruditapes philippinarum to sediment contaminants . Mar Pollut Bull , 45 : 133 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , S L . 2005 . Exposure–effect model for calculating copper effect concentrations in sediments with varying copper binding properties: A synthesis . Environ Sci Technol , 39 : 7089 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , S L and Batley , G E . 2007 . Predicting metal toxicity in sediments: A critique of current approaches . Integr Environ Assess Manag , 3 : 18 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , S L and King , C K . 2005 . Exposure-pathway models explain causality in whole-sediment toxicity tests . Environ Sci Technol , 39 : 837 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , S L , Rochford , L and Birch , G F . 2002 . Geochemical influences on metal partitioning in contaminated estuarine sediments . Mar Freshw Res , 53 : 9 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , S L , Batley , G E Chariton , A A . 2005 . Handbook for Sediment Quality Assessment , Bangor, NSW, , Australia : CSIRO .
   Google Scholar
• Stark , J S . 1998 . Heavy metal pollution and macrobenthic assemblages in soft sediments in two Sydney estuaries, Australia . Mar Freshw Res , 49 : 533 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Sundelin , B . Single and combined effects of lead and cadmium on Pontoporeia affiniis (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in laboratory soft-bottom microcosms . Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ecotoxicological Testing for the Marine Environment . September 12–14 1983 , Ghent, Belgium. Edited by: Persoone , G , Jaspers , E and Claus , C . vol 2 , pp. 237 – 58 . Ghent, , Belgium : State University of Ghent/IZWO .
   Google Scholar
• Swartz , R C , Ditsworth , G R Schults , D W . 1985 . Sediment toxicity to a marine infaunal amphipod: Cadmium and its interaction with sewage sludge . Mar Environ Res , 18 : 133 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swartz , R C , Kemp , P F Schults , D W . 1988 . Effects of mixtures of sediment contaminants on the marine infaunal amphipod, Rhepoxynius abronius . Environ Toxicol Chem , 7 : 1013 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , S E . 2000 . The Source and Remobilisation of Contaminated Sediment in Port Jackson, Australia , PhD Thesis Sydney, NSW, , Australia : University of Sydney .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , S E , Birch , G F and Links , F . 2004 . Historical catchment changes and temporal impact on sediment of the receiving basin, Port Jackson, New South Wales . Aust J Earth Sci , 51 : 233 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traas , T P , Luttik , R and Mensink , H . 2001 . “ Mapping risks of heavy metals to birds and mammals using species sensitivity distributions ” . In Species Sensitivity Distribution in Ecotoxicology , Edited by: Posthuma , L , Suter , G W and Traas , T P . 403 – 19 . Boca Raton, FL, , USA : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Twining , J , Nguyen , V Brown , P . Probabilistic ecological risk assessment (ERA) incorporating geochemical speciation to determine bioavailable metals in freshwaters affected by acid rock drainage (ARD) . ICARD 2000: Proceedings from the Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage . pp. 431 – 443 . Denver, CR, , USA : Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration .
   Google Scholar
• Twining , J , Perera , J Nguyen , V . 2005 . AQUARISK. A Computer Code for Aquatic Ecological Risk Assessment (Version 3.2). Technical Reference Manual , Menai, NSW, , Australia : Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation . ANSTO/M-127 vol 1
   Google Scholar
• Warne , M StJ and Hawker , D W . 1995 . The number of components in a mixture determines whether synergistic and antagonistic or additive toxicity predominate: The funnel hypothesis . Ecotoxicol Environ Saf , 31 : 23 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watzin , M C and Roscigno , P R . 1997 . The effects of zinc contamination on the recruitment and early survival of benthic invertebrates in an estuary . Mar Pollut Bull , 34 : 443 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler , J R , Grist , E PM Leung , K MY . 2002 . Species sensitivity distributions: Data and model choice . Mar Pollut Bull , 45 : 192 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar