PAHs and their Carcinogenic Potencies in Diesel Fuel and Diesel Generator Exhaust

REFERENCES

• Abbas , M K , Andrews , G E Williams , P T . 1989 . SAE Technology Papers Series, Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA, , USA No 892079
   Google Scholar
• Abbass , M K , Andrews , G E Kennion , S J . 2000 . The survivability of diesel fuel composition in the organic fraction of particulate emissions from an IDI diesel SAE Technology Paper Series, No 9110487
   Google Scholar
• Abrantes de , Rui , Assuncao , J V and Pesquero , C R . 2003 . Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from light-duty diesel vehicles exhaust . Atmospheric Environ , 38 : 1631 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benner , B A , Gordon , G E and Wise , S A . 1989 . Mobile sources of atmosphere polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A roadway tunnel study . Environ Sci Technol , 23 : 1269 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , C , Lo , J and Wang , J . 2001 . Assessment of reducing ozone forming potential for vehicles using liquefied petroleum gas as an alternative fuel . Atmospheric Environ , 35 : 6201 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , S J , Lee , W J Chien , W C . 1998 . Characterisation of PAHs and carbons in the exhaust of a gasoline powered engine . J Aerosol Sci , 29 ( 1 ) : S355 – S356 .
   Google Scholar
• Clemons , J H , Allan , L M Marvin , C H . 1998 . Evidence of estrogen and TCDD-like activities in crude and fractionated extracts of PM10 air particulate material using in vitro gene expression assays . Environ Sci Technol , 32 : 1853 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEH (Department of the Environment and Heritage) . 2000 . Review of Fuel Quality Requirements for Australian Transport , 6 – 90 . Parkes ACT, , Australia : Coffey Geosciences Pty Ltd for Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Frumkin , H and Michael , J . 2001 . Diesel exhaust. CA . Cancer J Clinicians , 51 : 193 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) . 1987 . Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs, volumes 1 to 42 1 – 440 . Lyon, , France IARC Monograph Evaluation Carcinogenic Risks Human Supplement 7
   Google Scholar
• Khalili , N R , Scheff , P A and Holsen , T M . 1995 . PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and gasoline engines, highway tunnels and wood combustion emissions . Atmospheric Environ , 29 : 533 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim , M CH , Ayoko , G A Morawska , L . 2005 . Effect of fuel composition and engine operating conditions on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from a fleet of heavy-duty diesel buses . Atmospheric Environ , 39 : 7836 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim , M CH , Ayoko , G A Morawska , L . 2007 . Influence of fuel composition on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from a fleet of in-service passenger cars . Atmospheric Environ , 41 : 150 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , Y C , Lee , W J and Hou , H C . 2006 . PAH emissions and energy efficiency of palm biodiesel blends fueled on diesel generator . Atmospheric Environ , 40 : 3930 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOSH (Labor Occupational Safety and Health) . 2003 . Diesel Exhaust: What you need to know? Available at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/dieselexhaust/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Marr , L C , Kirchestetter , T W Harley , R A . 1999 . Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in motor vehicle fuels and exhaust emissions . Environ Sci Technol , 33 : 3090 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mi , H , Lee , W Chen , C . 2000 . Effect of fuel aromatic content on PAH emission from a heavy duty diesel engine . Chemosphere , 41 : 1783 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mi , H , Lee , W Tsai , P . 2001 . A comparison on the emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their corresponding carcinogenic potencies from a vehicle engine using leaded and lead-free gasoline . Environ Health Perspect , 109 : 1285 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mi , H-H , Lee , W-J Tsai , P-J . 2001 . A comparison on the emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their corresponding carcinogenic potencies from a vehicle engine using leaded and lead-free gasoline . Environ Health Perspect , 109 : 1285 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miguel , A H , Kirchstetter , T W Harley , R A . 1998 . On-road emissions of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon from gasoline and diesel vehicles . Environ Sci Technol , 32 : 450 – 5 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , K , Steere , D E Taylor , J A . 2000 . Impact of Diesel Fuel Aromatics on Particulate, PAH and Nitro-PAH Emissions Warrendale, , USA SAE Emission Technology Collection, No 942053
   Google Scholar
• Nisbet and LaGoy . 1992 . Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) . Reg Toxicol Pharmacol , 16 : 290 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parivesh . July 2003 . Transport Fuel Adulteration Report, Central Pollution Control Board , July , New Delhi, , India : Ministry of Environment and Forests .
   Google Scholar
• Petry , T , Schmid , P and Schlatter , C . 1996 . The use of toxic equivalency factors in assessing occupational and environmental health risk associated with exposure to airborne mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) . Chemosphere , 32 : 639 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pointet , K , Renou-Gonnord , M-F Milliet , A . 1997 . Bull Soc Chem Fr , 134 : 133 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Rajput , N and Lakhani , A . 2007 . Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter using gas chromatography . Pollution Research , 26 : 541 – 549 .
   Google Scholar
• Nirat , Rajput , Khemani , L D and Anita , Lakhani . 2007 . Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter using gas chromatography . Pollution Res , 4 : 541 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogge , W F , Hidermann , L M Mazurek , M N . 1993 . Sources of fine organic aerosol noncatalyst and catalyst equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks . Environ Sci Technol , 27 : 636 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RTO (Road Traffic Office) . 2008 . Transport Nagar Agra, , India Mr. OP Chandel, personal communication
   Google Scholar
• Scheepers , P TJ and Bos , R P . 1992 . Combustion of diesel fuel from a toxicological perspective. II. Toxicity . Internat Arch Occupat Environ Health , 64 : 163 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah , D S , Ogunyoku , T A Miller , J W . 2005 . On-road emission rates of PAH and n-alkane compounds from heavy duty diesel vehicles . Environ Sci Technol , 31 ( 14 ) : 276 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Sydbom , A , Blomberg , A Parnia , S . 2001 . Health effects of diesel exhaust emissions . European Respiratory J , 17 : 733 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka , S , Takizawa , H Shimizu , T . 1998 . Effect of Fuel Compositions on PAH in Particulate Matter from D1 Diesel Engine , SAE Technical Paper Series, No 982648 Warrendale, PA, , USA
   Google Scholar
• Tavares , M Jr. , Pinto , J P Souza , A L . 2004 . Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel engine in a bus station, Londrina, Brazil . Atmospheric Environ , 38 : 5039 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) . 2002 . Health Assessment Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust Washington, , USA Available at http://www.epa.gov/ncea Document 600/8-90/057F
   Google Scholar
• Venkataraman , C , Lyons , J M and Friedlander , S K . 1994 . Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elemental carbon. 1. Sampling, measurement methods and source characterization . Environ Sci Technol , 28 : 555 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerholm , R , Alsberg , T E Frommelin , A B . 1988 . Effect of fuel polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other mutagenic substances from gasoline-fueled automobile . Environ Sci Technol , 22 : 925 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerholm , R and Lin , H . 1994 . A multivariate statistical analysis of fuel-related Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon emission from heavy-duty diesel vehicles . Environ Sci Technol , 28 : 962 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielinska , B , Sagebiel , J McDonald , J D . 2004 . Emission rates and comparative chemical composition from selected in-use diesel and gasoline fueled vehicles . J Air Waste Manage Assoc , 54 : 1138 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar