217
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Hazard Assessment Articles

Extrapolating Growth Reductions in Fish to Changes in Population Extinction Risks: Copper and Chinook Salmon

&
Pages 1026-1065 | Received 21 Sep 2009, Accepted 02 Mar 2010, Published online: 11 Oct 2010

REFERENCES

  • Abbott , J C , Dunbrack , R L and Orr , C D . 1985 . The interaction of size and experience in dominance relationships of juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) . Behaviour , 92 : 241 – 53 .
  • Achord , S , Levin , P S and Zabel , R W . 2003 . Density-dependent mortality in Pacific salmon: The ghost of impacts past? . Ecol Lett , 6 : 335 – 42 .
  • Akçakaya , HR. 1991 . A method for simulating demographic stochasticity . Ecol Model , 54 : 133 – 6 .
  • Akçakaya , HR. 2000 . Population viability analyses with demographically and spatially structured models . Ecol Bull , 48 : 23 – 38 .
  • Akçakaya , HR. 2005 . “ RAMAS Metapop: Viability Analysis for Stage-Structured Metapopulations (version 5) ” . Setauket, NY, , USA : Applied Biomathematics . Available at www.ramas.com
  • Akçakaya , H R , Burgman , M A and Ginzburg , L R . 1999 . Applied Population Ecology, , 2nd edit , Seautaket, NY, , USA : Applied Biomathematics .
  • Allendorf , F W , Bayles , D Bottom , D L . 1997 . Prioritizing Pacific salmon stocks for conservation . Conserv Biol , 11 : 140 – 52 .
  • Barnthouse , L W , Suter , G W II and Rosen , A E . 1989 . “ Inferring population-level significance from individual-level effects: An extrapolation from fisheries science to ecotoxicology ” . In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment, 11th Vol. ASTM STP 1007 , 289 – 300 . Philadelphia, PA, , USA : American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) .
  • Barrowman , N J , Myers , R A Hilborn , R . 2003 . The variability among populations of coho salmon in the maximum reproductive rate and depensation . Ecol Appl , 13 : 784 – 93 .
  • Beamish , R J and Mahnken , C . 2001 . A critical size and period hypothesis to explain natural regulation of salmon abundance and the linkage to climate and climate change . Prog Oceanogr , 49 : 423 – 37 .
  • Beamish , R J , Mahnken , C and Neville , C M . 2004 . Evidence that reduced early marine growth is associated with lower marine survival of coho salmon . Trans Am Fish Soc , 133 : 26 – 33 .
  • Beissinger , S R and Westphal , M I . 1998 . On the use of demographic models of population viability in endangered species management . J Wildlife Manage , 62 : 821 – 41 .
  • Bjornn , TC. 1971 . Trout and salmon movements in two Idaho streams as related to temperature, food, stream flow, cover, and population density . Trans Am Fish Soc , 100 : 423 – 38 .
  • Bjornn , TC. 1978 . Survival, Production, and Yield of Trout and Chinook Salmon in the Lemhi River, Idaho. Wildlife and Range Sciences Bulletin 27 , Moscow, ID, , USA : University of Idaho, College of Forestry .
  • Botsford , L W and Brittnacher , J G . 1998 . Viability of Sacramento River winter-run Chinook salmon . Conserv Biol , 12 : 65 – 79 .
  • Brook , B W , O'Grady , J J Chapman , A P . 2000 . Predictive accuracy of population viability analysis in conservation biology . Nature , 404 : 385 – 7 .
  • Brosi , B J and Bilber , E G . 2009 . Statistical inference, type II error, and decision making under the US Endangered Species Act . Front Ecol Environ , 7 : 487 – 94 .
  • Brown , A R , Riddle , A M Cunningham , L L . 2003 . Predicting the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on fish populations . Hum Ecol Risk Asses , 9 : 761 – 88 .
  • Cairns , J Jr. 1992 . The threshold problem in ecotoxicology . Ecotoxicology , 1 : 3 – 16 .
  • Carroll , R , Augspurger , C Dobson , A . 1996 . Strengthening the use of science in achieving the goals of the Endangered Species Act: An assessment by the Ecological Society of America . Ecol Appl , 6 : 1 – 11 .
  • Caswell , H. 2001 . Matrix Population Models: Construction, Analysis, and Interpretation , Sunderland, MA, , USA : Sinauer Associates, Inc. .
  • Chapman , DW. 1966 . Food and space as regulators of salmonid populations in streams . Am Nat , 100 : 345 – 57 .
  • Chapman , GA. 1978 . Toxicities of cadmium, copper, and zinc to four juvenile stages of chinook salmon and steelhead . Trans Am Fish Soc , 107 : 841 – 7 .
  • Chapman , GA. 1982 . “ [Chinook salmon early life stage tests with cadmium, copper, and zinc] ” . In Letter of December 6, 1982 to Charles Stephan, US EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth , Corvallis, OR, , USA : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory .
  • Coleman , M A and Fausch , K D . 2007 . Cold summer temperature limits recruitment of age-0 cutthroat trout in high-elevation Colorado streams . Trans Am Fish Soc , 136 : 1231 – 44 .
  • Copeland , T. 2007 . “ Estimating the stock-recruitment relationship for Snake River spring/summer chinook salmon and forecasting wild/natural smolt production ” . In Natural Production Monitoring and Evaluation, Annual Report 2003–2004 Edited by: Copeland , T , Bunn , P R and Johnson , J . 20 – 30 . Prepared by the Idaho Department of Fish and Game for the U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration. IDFG Report Number 02-24, BPA Report DOE/BP-00005862-5. Available at http://www.efw.bpa.gov/publications/I00005862-5.pdf
  • Coulson , T , Mace , G M Hudson , E . 2001 . The use and abuse of population viability analysis . Trends Ecol Evol , 16 : 219 – 21 .
  • Cunjak , RA. 1996 . Winter habitat of selected stream fishes and potential impacts from land-use activity . Can J Fish Aquat Sci , 53 ( S1 ) : 267 – 82 .
  • Cunjak , R A , Prowse , T D and Parrish , D L . 1998 . Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in winter: “The season of parr discontent”? . Can J Fish Aquat Sci , 55 : 161 – 80 .
  • de Kroon , H , Plaisier , A van Groenendael , J . 1986 . Elasticity: The relative contribution of demographic parameters to population growth rate . Ecology , 67 : 427 – 431 .
  • DeMaster , D , Angliss , R Cochrane , J . 2004 . “ Recommendations to NOAA Fisheries: ESA Listing Criteria by the Quantitative Working Group ” . In National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-67 Available at http://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/tm/tm67.pdf
  • Dunham , J B and Vinyard , G L . 1997 . Relationships between body mass, population density, and the self-thinning rule in stream-living salmonids . Can J Fish Aquat Sci , 54 : 1025 – 30 .
  • Elliott , JM. 1989 . Mechanisms responsible for population regulation in young migratory trout, Salmo trutta. I. The critical time for survival . J Animal Ecology , 58 : 987 – 1001 .
  • Ellner , S P and Fieberg , J . 2003 . Using PVA for management despite uncertainty: Effects of habitat, hatcheries, and harvest on salmon . Ecology , : 1359 – 69 .
  • Emlen , JM. 1995 . Population viability of the Snake River chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) . Can J Fish Aquat Sci , 52 : 1442 – 8 .
  • Ferson , S and Ginzburg , L R . 1996 . Inferring ecological risk from toxicity bioassays . Water Air Soil Poll , 90 : 71 – 82 .
  • Ferson , S , Ginzburg , L R and Silvers , A . 1989 . Extreme event risk analysis for age-structured populations . Ecol Model , 47 : 175 – 87 .
  • Gibbons , J W and Andrews , K M . 2004 . PIT tagging: Simple technology at its best . BioScience , 54 : 447 – 54 .
  • Ginzburg , L R , Slobodkin , L B Johnson , K . 1982 . Quasiextinction probabilities as a measure of impact on population growth . Risk Anal , 2 : 171 – 81 .
  • Ginzburg , L R , Ferson , S and Akçakaya , H R . 1990 . Reconstructibility of density dependence and the conservative assessment of extinction risks . Conserv Biol , 4 : 63 – 70 .
  • Good , T P , Harms , T K and Ruckelshaus , M H . 2003 . Misuse of checklist assessments in endangered species recovery efforts . Conserv Ecol , 7 : 12 [online]. Available at http://www.consecol.org/vol7/iss2/art/
  • Hansen , J A , Lipton , J Welsh , P G . 2002 . Relationship between exposure duration, tissue residues, growth, and mortality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles sub-chronically exposed to copper . Aquat Toxicol , 58 : 175 – 88 .
  • Hansen , L J and Johnson , M L . 1999a . Conservation and toxicology: The need to integrate the disciplines . Environ Toxicol Chem , 18 : 2121 – 2 .
  • Hansen , L J and Johnson , M L . 1999b . Conservation and toxicology: The need to integrate the disciplines . Conserv Biol , 13 : 1225 – 7 .
  • Harwood , A J , Metcalfe , N B Griffiths , S W . 2002 . Intra- and inter-specific competition for winter concealment habitat in juvenile salmonids . Can J Fish Aquat Sci , 59 : 1515 – 23 .
  • Healey , MC. 1991 . “ Life history of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) ” . In Pacific Salmon Life Histories , Edited by: Groot , C and Margolis , L . 313 – 93 . Vancouver, BC, , Canada : University of British Columbia Press .
  • Hecht , S A , Baldwin , D H Mebane , C A . 2007 . “ An Overview of Sensory Effects on Juvenile Salmonids Exposed to Dissolved Copper: Applying a Benchmark Concentration Approach to Evaluate Sublethal Neurobehavioral Toxicity ” . Seattle, WA, , USA : National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-83 . Available at http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/publications/displayinclude.cfm?incfile=technicalmemorandum2007.inc
  • Henle , K , Sarre , S and Wiegand , K . 2004 . The role of density regulation in extinction processes and population viability analysis . Biodiversity Conserv , 13 : 9 – 52 .
  • Hillman , TW. 1991 . “ The Effect of Temperature on the Spatial Interaction of Juvenile Chinook Salmon and the Redside Shiner and their Morphological Differences ” . Pocatello, ID, , USA : PhD Dissertation. Biology. Idaho State University .
  • Hurst , TP. 2007 . Causes and consequences of winter mortality in fishes . J Fish Biol , 71 : 315 – 45 .
  • Isaak , D J , Thurow , R F Rieman , B E . 2003 . Temporal variation in synchrony among Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd counts from a wilderness area in central Idaho . Can J Fish Aquat Sci , 60 : 840 – 8 .
  • IUCN . 2006 . “ Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 6.2 ” . Gland, , Switzerland : Standards and Petitions Working Group of the IUCN SSC Biodiversity Assessments Sub-Committee in December 2006, World Conservation Union (IUCN) . Available at www.iucn.org
  • Janetski , D J , Chaloner , D T Tiegs , S D . 2009 . Pacific salmon effects on stream ecosystems: A quantitative synthesis . Oecologia , 159 : 583 – 95 .
  • Kareiva , P , Marvier , M and McClure , M M . 2000 . Recovery and management options for spring/summer Chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin . Science , 290 : 977 – 9 .
  • Keeley , ER. 2001 . Demographic responses to food and space competition by juvenile steelhead trout . Ecology , 82 : 1247 – 59 .
  • Keeley , ER. 2003 . An experimental analysis of self-thinning in juvenile steelhead trout . Oikos , 102 : 543 – 50 .
  • Kiefer , R B and Lockhart , J N . 1997 . “ Intensive Evaluation and Monitoring of Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Trout Production, Crooked River and Upper Salmon River Sites, Annual Progress Report, January 1, 1994 to December 31, 1994 ” . Prepared by the Idaho Department of Fish and Game for the U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration. DOE/BP-H21182-10. Available at http://www.efw.bpa.gov/Publications/H21182-10.pdf
  • Kohler , A E , Rugenski , A T and Taki , D . 2008 . Stream food web response to a salmon carcass analogue addition in two central Idaho, U.S.A. streams . Freshwater Biol , 53 : 446 – 60 .
  • Liermann , M and Hilborn , R . 2001 . Depensation: Evidence, models and implications . Fish Fish , 2 : 33 – 58 .
  • Limpert , E , Stahel , W A and Abbt , M . 2001 . Log-normal distributions across the sciences: Keys and clues . BioScience , 51 : 341 – 52 .
  • Lindley , S T and Mohr , M S . 2003 . Modeling the effect of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) on the population viability of Sacramento River winter-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) . Fish Bull , 101 : 321 – 31 .
  • Lubchenco , J , Ayala , F J Colwell , R R . 1996 . The Endangered Species Act . Bull Ecol Soc Am , 77 : 116 – 20 .
  • Marr , J CA , Lipton , J Cacela , D . 1996 . Relationship between copper exposure duration, tissue copper concentration, and rainbow trout growth . Aquat Toxicol , 36 : 17 – 30 .
  • McCarthy , M A and Thompson , C . 2001 . Expected minimum population size as a measure of threat . Anim Conserv , 4 : 351 – 5 .
  • McClure , M M , Holmes , E E Sanderson , B L . 2003 . A large-scale, multispecies status assessment: Anadromous salmonids in the Columbia River basin . Ecol Appl , 13 : 964 – 89 .
  • McElhany , P , Ruckelshaus , M H Ford , M J . 2000 . “ Viable Salmonid Populations and the Recovery of Evolutionarily Significant Units ” . In National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-42 Seattle, WA, , USA
  • McFadden , JT. 1961 . A population study of the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis . Wildlife Monogr , 7 : 3 – 73 .
  • McGarvey , DJ. 2007 . Merging precaution with sound science under the Endangered Species Act . BioScience , 57 : 65 – 70 .
  • McGowan , C P and Ryan , M R . 2009 . A quantitative framework to evaluate incidental take and endangered species population viability . Biol Conserv , 142 : 3128 – 36 .
  • McKim , J M and Benoit , D A . 1971 . Effects of long-term exposure to copper on survival, growth and reproduction (Salvelinus fontinalis) . J Fish Res Board Can , 28 : 655 – 62 .
  • Meador , J P , Sommers , F C Kubin , L . 2004 . “ Conducting dose-response feeding studies with salmonids: Growth as an endpoint ” . In Techniques in Aquatic Toxicology , Edited by: Ostrander , G K . Vol. 2 , 93 – 115 . Boca Raton, FL, , USA : CRC Press .
  • Mebane , CA. 2010 . Relevance of risk predictions derived from a chronic species-sensitivity distribution with cadmium to aquatic populations and ecosystems . Risk Anal , 30 : 203 – 23 .
  • Mebane , C A , Hennessy , D P and Dillon , F S . 2008 . Developing acute-to-chronic toxicity ratios for lead, cadmium, and zinc using rainbow trout, a mayfly, and a midge . Water Air Soil Poll , 188 : 41 – 66 .
  • Metcalfe , N B and Monaghan , P . 2001 . Compensation for a bad start: Grow now, pay later? . Trends Ecol Evol , 16 : 254 – 60 .
  • Miller , P S and Lacy , R C . 2005 . “ VORTEX: A Stochastic Simulation of the Extinction Process, Version 9.50 User's Manual ” . Apple Valley, MN, , USA : Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSC/IUCN) . Available at http://www.vortex9.org/vortex.html
  • Munkittrick , K R , Arens , C J Lowell , R B . 2009 . A review of potential methods for determining critical effect size for designing environmental monitoring programs . Environ Toxicol Chem , 28 : 1361 – 1371 .
  • Munns , W R , Gervais , J Hoffman , A A . 2007 . “ Modeling approaches to population-level ecological risk assessment ” . In Population-Level Risk Assessment , Edited by: Barnthouse , L W , Munns , W R and Sorensen , M T . 179 – 210 . Pensacola, FL, , USA : SETAC .
  • Murphy , C A , Rose , K A Alvarez , MdC . 2008 . Modeling larval fish behavior: Scaling the sublethal effects of methylmercury to population-relevant endpoints . Aquat Toxicol , 86 : 470 – 84 .
  • Nickelson , T E and Lawson , P W . 1998 . Population viability of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in Oregon coastal basins: Application of a habitat-based life cycle model . Can J Fish Aquat Sci , 55 : 2383 – 92 .
  • Pastorok , R A , Akçakaya , H R Regan , H . 2003 . Role of ecological modeling in risk assessment . Hum Ecol Risk Assess , 9 : 939 – 72 .
  • Patten , B G . 1977 . Body size and learned avoidance as factors affecting predation on coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, fry by torrent sculpin, Cottus rhotheus . Fish Bull , 75 : 457 – 9 .
  • Petrosky , C E , Schaller , H A and Budy , P . 2001 . Productivity and survival rate trends in the freshwater spawning and rearing stage of Snake River Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha . Can J Fish Aquat Sci , 58 : 1196 – 207 .
  • Pimm , S L , Jones , H L and Diamond , J M . 1988 . On the risk of extinction . Am Nat , 132 : 757 – 85 .
  • Quinn , TP. 2005 . The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout , Seattle, WA, , USA : American Fisheries Society and University of Washington .
  • Ratner , S , Lande , R and Roper , B B . 1997 . Population viability analysis of spring Chinook salmon in the South Umpqua River, Oregon . Conserv Biol , 11 : 879 – 89 .
  • Rose , K A , Cowan , J H Jr Winemiller , K O . 2001 . Compensatory density dependence in fish populations: Importance, controversy, understanding and prognosis . Fish Fish , 2 : 293 – 327 .
  • Rose , K A , Murphy , C A Diamond , S L . 2003 . Using nested models and laboratory data for predicting population effects of contaminants on fish: A step toward a bottom-up approach for establishing causality in field studies . Hum Ecol Risk Asses , 9 : 231 – 57 .
  • Sauter , S , Buxton , K S Macek , K J . 1976 . “ Effects of Exposure to Heavy Metals on Selected Freshwater Fish: Toxicity of Copper, Cadmium, Chromium and Lead to Eggs and Fry of Seven Fish Species. EPA-600/3-76-105 ” . Duluth, MN, , USA : US Environmental Protection Agency .
  • Schaller , H A , Petrosky , C E and Langness , O P . 1999 . Contrasting patterns of productivity and survival rates for stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations of the Snake and Columbia rivers . Can J Fish Aquat Sci , 56 : 1031 – 45 .
  • Shaffer , ML. 1981 . Minimum population sizes for species conservation . BioScience , 31 : 131 – 4 .
  • Sogard , SM. 1997 . Size-selective mortality in the juvenile stage of teleost fishes: A review . B Mar Sci , 60 : 1129 – 57 .
  • Spromberg , J A and Meador , J P . 2005 . Relating results of chronic toxicity responses to population-level effects: Modeling effects on wild Chinook salmon populations . Integr Environ Assess Manag , 1 : 9 – 21 .
  • Spromberg , J A and Meador , J P . 2006 . Relating chronic toxicity responses to population-level effects: A comparison of population-level parameters for three salmon species as a function of low-level toxicity . Ecol Model , 199 : 240 – 52 .
  • Stephan , CE. 1986 . “ Proposed goal of applied aquatic toxicology ” . In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment, , 9th vol , ASTM Special Technical Publication 921 3 – 10 . Philadelphia, PA, , USA : American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) .
  • Stephan , C E , Mount , D I Hansen , D J . 1985 . “ Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and their Uses ” . EPA 822-R-85-100, NTIS PB85 227049 OR, , USA : US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, USA, Narragansett, MA, USA, and Corvallis . Available at http://epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/aqlife.html
  • Thomas , S A , Royer , T V Minshall , G W . 2003 . “ Assessing the historic contribution of marine-derived nutrients to Idaho streams ” . In Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems: Sustaining Production and Biodiversity , Edited by: Stockner , J G . 41 – 55 . Bethesda, MD, , USA : American Fisheries Society Symposium 34, vol 34 .
  • USEPA. (US Environmental Protection Agency) . 1985 . Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Copper—1984. EPA 440/5-84-031 Duluth, MN, , USA
  • USEPA . 1992 . National Toxics Rule . Fed Reg , 57 : 60848 – 910 .
  • USEPA . 2000 . Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen (Saltwater): Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. EPA-822-R-00-012 Washington, DC, , USA
  • USEPA . 2006 . National Recommended Water Quality Criteria: 2006 Washington, DC, , USA Available at http://epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wqctable/index.html
  • USEPA . 2007 . “ Aquatic Life Ambient Freshwater Quality Criteria—Copper, 2007 Revision (amended version as of March 2, 2007). EPA-822-R-07-001 ” . Washington, DC, , USA Available at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/copper/
  • USFWS and NMFS . 2004 . “ Interagency Cooperation: Endangered Species Act of 1973, as Amended, Code of Federal Regulations, 50 CFR 402 ” . Available at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_04/50cfr402_04.html
  • Van Kirk , R W and Hill , S L . 2007 . Demographic model predicts trout population response to selenium based on individual-level toxicity . Ecol Model , 206 : 407 – 20 .
  • Vucetich , J A , Waite , T A Qvarnemark , L . 2000 . Population variability and extinction risk . Conserv Biol , 14 : 1704 – 14 .
  • Waples , RS. 2002 . Effective size of fluctuating salmon populations . Genetics , 161 : 783 – 91 .
  • Wendelaar Bonga , S E . 1997 . The stress response in fish . Physiol Rev , 77 : 591 – 625 .
  • Wipfli , M S , Hudson , J P Caouette , J P . 2003 . Marine subsidies in freshwater ecosystems: Salmon carcasses increase the growth rates of stream-resident salmonids . Trans Am Fish Soc , 132 : 371 – 81 .
  • Zabel , R W and Achord , S . 2004 . Relating size of juveniles to survival within and among populations of Chinook salmon . Ecology , 85 : 795 – 806 .
  • Zabel , R W and Levin , P S . 2002 . Simple assumptions on age composition lead to erroneous conclusions on the nature of density dependence in age-structured populations . Oecologia , 133 : 349 – 55 .
  • Zabel , R W and Williams , J G . 2002 . Selective mortality in Chinook salmon: What is the role of human disturbance? . Ecol Appl , 12 : 173 – 83 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.