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Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal Volume 16, 2010 - Issue 6
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Editorials in Commemoration of the 40th Anniversary of the Establishment of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Regulatory Challenges Ahead

Octavia Conerly Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
&
Edward V. Ohanian Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
Pages 1234-1241 | Published online: 15 Dec 2010

REFERENCES

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  • DWCCL3 (Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3) . 2008 . “ 73 Federal Register 9628 (February 21, 2008) ” . Available at http://frwebgate1.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/PDFgate.cgi?WAISdocID=K3uRyE/0/2/0&WAISaction=retrieve
  • DWCCL3 . 2009 . “ 74 Federal Register 51850 (October 8, 2009) ” . Available at http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2009/October/Day-08/w24287.pdf
  • Grumbles , B H . 2008 . Testimony before the Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee of the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee , Washington, DC, USA : US House of Representatives . September 18, 2008
  • NAS (National Academy of Sciences) . 2009a . Characterizing the potential human toxicity of low doses of pharmaceuticals in drinking water: Are new risk assessment methods or approaches required? Risk Analysis Issues and Reviews, newsletter of the Standing Committee on Risk Analysis Issues and Reviews . Issue , 3 August 2009
  • NAS . 2009b . “ Science and Decisions ” . In Advancing Risk Assessment, Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the U.S. EPA , Chapter 7: Implementing cumulative risk assessment 213 – 39 . Washington, DC, USA : The National Academies Press .
  • Ruhoy , I S and Daughton , C G . 2007 . Types and quantities of leftover drugs entering the environment via disposal to sewage—Revealed by coroner records . Sci. Total Environ , 388 ( 1–3 ) : 137 – 48 .
  • Swackhamer , D L and Meyer , J L . 2008 . “ SAB advisory on aquatic life water quality criteria for contaminants of emerging concern. Letter to EPA Administrator Stephen L. Johnson ” . EPA-SAB-09-007 December 18, 2008
  • USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) . 2010 . “ 40 Years of Achievements, 1970–2010 ” . Available at http://www.epa.gov/40th/achieve.html
  • USGS (US Geological Survey) . 2002 . Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams , USGS Fact Sheet FS-027-02 Available at http://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-027-02/pdf/FS-027-02.pdf
  • USP (United States Pharmacopeia) . 2004 . Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit Model Guidelines: Drug Categories and Classes in Part D Available at http://www.usp.org/pdf/EN/mmg/finalModelGuidelines2004-12-31.pdf

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