Soil–Plant Transfer Factors for Garden Produce from Contaminated Soils: Site Specific versus Generic Estimates for As and Pb

REFERENCES

• Adams , M A , Bolger , P M and Gunderson , E L . 1994 . “ Dietary intake and hazards of arsenic ” . In Arsenic Exposure and Health , Edited by: Chappell , W , Abernathy , C and Cothern , C . 41 – 9 . Northwood, , UK : Science and Technology Letters .
   Google Scholar
• Baes , C F , Sharp , R D Sjoreen , A L . 1984 . A Review and Analysis of Parameters for Assessing Transport of Environmentally Released Radionuclides Through Agriculture , ORNL-5786 Oak Ridge, TN, , USA : Oak Ridge National Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Bechtel Jacobs Company . 1998 . Empirical Models for the Uptake of Inorganic Chemicals from Soil by Plants , BJC/OR-133 Oak Ridge, TN, , USA : Bechtel Jacobs Company LLC .
   Google Scholar
• CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) . 1997 . Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Environmental and Human Health: Arsenic. Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines Winnipeg, MB, , Canada
   Google Scholar
• CCME . 2006 . A Protocol for the Derivation of Environmental and Human Health Soil Quality Guidelines [Revised] , Report CCME PN 1332 Winnipeg, MB, , Canada
   Google Scholar
• CEI (Cantox Environmental, Inc) . 1999 . Deloro Village Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization for Arsenic and Other Metals Missisauga, ON, , Canada
   Google Scholar
• Davies , BE . 1992 . Inter-relationships between soil properties and the uptake of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc from contaminated soils by Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) . Water, Air and Soil Pollution , 63 ( 3 ) : 331 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Di Toro , D M , Allen , H E Bergman , H L . 2001 . Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals: I. Technical basis . Environ Toxicol Chem , 20 : 2383 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixit , S and Hering , J G . 2003 . Comparison of arsenic (V) and arsenic (III) sorption onto iron oxide minerals: implications for arsenic mobility . Environ Sci Technol , 37 : 4182 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draper , N and Smith , H . 1981 . Applied Regression Analysis , 2nd edit. , New York, NY, , USA : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Efroymson , R A , Sample , B E and Suter , G W . 2001 . Uptake of inorganic chemicals from soil by plant leaves: regressions of field data . Environ Toxicol Chem , 20 : 2561 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Environment Agency . 2008 . Updated Technical Background to the CLEA Document , SC050021/SR3 ISBN: 978-1-84432-856-7 Bristol, , UK
   Google Scholar
• Environment Agency . 2009 . Supplementary Information for the Derivation of SGV for Arsenic. Better Regulation Science Programme , Science report: SC050021 ISBN: 978-1-84911-044-0 Bristol, , UK
   Google Scholar
• Finster , M E , Gray , K A and Binns , H J . 2004 . Lead levels of edibles grown in contaminated residential soils: A field survey . Sci Total Environ , 320 : 245 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garson , GD. 2005 . Multivariate Analysis in Public Administration Available at http://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/regress.htm (accessed August 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Hartley , W , Edwards , R and Lepp , W . 2004 . Arsenic and heavy metal mobility in iron oxide-amended contaminated soils as evaluated by short- and long-term leaching tests . Environ Pollut , 131 : 495 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Canada . Federal Contaminated Site Risk Assessment in Canada. Part III: Guidance on Peer Review of Human Health Risk Assessments for Federal Contaminated Sites in Canada . Prepared by: Environmental Health Assessment Services . September 2004 , Ottawa, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Health Canada . Federal Contaminated Site Risk Assessment in Canada . Part I: Guidance on Human Health Preliminary Quantitative Risk Assessment (PQRA). Version 2.0. Prepared by: Contaminated Sites Division . December 2006 , Ottawa, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Helgesen , H and Larsen , E H . 1998 . Bioavailability and speciation of arsenic in carrots grown in contaminated soil . Analyst , 123 : 791 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hettiarachchi , G M and Pierzynski , G M . 2004 . Soil lead bioavailability and in situ remediation of lead-contaminated soils: a review . Environ Prog , 23 : 78 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Hooda , P S , McNulty , D Alloway , B J . 1997 . Plant availability of heavy metals in soils previously amended with heavy applications of sewage sludge . J Sci Food Agric , 73 : 446 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingwersen , J and Streck , T . 2005 . A regional-scale study on the crop uptake of cadmium from sandy soils: Measurement and modelling . J Env Qual , 34 : 1026 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen , R , Peijnenburg , W Posthuma , L . 1997 . Equilibrium partitioning of heavy metals in Dutch field soils: I. Relationship between metal partition coefficients and soil characteristics . Environ Toxicol Chem , 16 : 2470 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannesson , K. 2002 . The Market Implication of Integrated Management of Heavy Metals Flows for Bioenergy Use in the European Union. Thermie STR/1881/98-SE. Appendix A. A Review of Risks Associated to Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Zinc. Mikael Johannesson , Sweden : Kalmar University .
   Google Scholar
• Koch , I , Ollson , C A Potten , J . 2003 . “ Arsenic in vegetables: An evaluation of risk from the consumption of produce from residential and mine gardens in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada ” . In Annual Reviews in Food and Nutrition: Toxic and Pathological Aspects , Edited by: Preedy , V R and Watson , R . Vol. 1 , 16 – 40 . London, , UK : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Larsen , PV. 2005 . “ Module 9: Comparing Regression Lines. Master of Applied Statistics. ST111: Regression and Analysis of Variance ” . Available at http://statmaster.sdu.dk/courses/st111. Accessed July 2005
   Google Scholar
• Lestan , D , Grcman , H Zupan , M . 2003 . Relationship of soil properties to fractionation of Pb and Zn in soil and their uptake into Plantago lanceolata . Soil Sediment Contam , 12 : 507 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan , T J , Goins , L E and Linsday , B J . 1997 . Field assessment of trace element uptake by six vegetables from N-Viro Soil . Water Environ Res , 59 : 28 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Menzies , N W , Donn , M J and Kopittke , P M . 2007 . Evaluation of extractants for estimation of the phytoavailable trace metals in soils . Environ Pollut , 145 : 121 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOE (Ontario Ministry of the Environment) . 1999 . Deloro Village Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization for Arsenic and Other Metals Toronto, Ontario
   Google Scholar
• MOE . 2004 . The City of Greater Sudbury 2001 Urban Soil Study , Report No. SDB-008-3511-2003 Toronto, Ontario
   Google Scholar
• ORNL (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) . 1998 . Empirical Models for the Uptake of Inorganic Chemicals from soil by Plants. Published by Bechtel Jacobs Company. Prepared for US Department of Energy , Report BJC/OR-133 Oak Ridge, TN, , USA : ORNL .
   Google Scholar
• Qian , J , Shan , X Wang , A . 1996 . Distribution and plant availability of heavy metals in different particle-size fractions of soil . Sci Total Environ , 187 : 131 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAIS (Risk Assessment Information System) . 2004 . Toxicity and Chemical-Specific Factor Base , Nashville, TN, , USA : Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division .
   Google Scholar
• SARA (Sudbury Area Risk Assessment Group) . 2005 . Volume II, Appendix E: Vegetable Garden Survey Report Sudbury, ON, , Canada (http://www.sudburysoilstudy.com/EN/media/volume_11/volume_11_Re
   Google Scholar
• SARA (Sudbury Area Risk Assessment Group) . 2008 . Final Report. Vol. II-Chapter 3 Phase 2: Sampling and Analysis to Fill Identified Data Gaps Sudbury, ON, , Canada
   Google Scholar
• SEPA (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency) . 1996 . Development of Generic Guideline Values, Model and Data Used for Generic Guideline Values for Contaminated Soils in Sweden Naturvardsverket, Stockholm, , Sweden
   Google Scholar
• Sheppard , S C . 2005 . Transfer parameters—Are on-site data really better? . Hum Ecol Risk Assessment , 11 : 939 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Sheppard , S C and Evenden , W G . 1997 . Variation in transfer factors for stochastic models: soil-to-plant transfer . Health Phys , 72 : 727 – 33 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith , E , Naidu , R and Alston , A M . 1999 . Chemistry of arsenic in soils: I. sorption of arsenate and arsenite by four Australian soils . J Environ Qual , 28 : 1719 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolders , E , Oorts , K Van Sprang , P . 2009 . Toxicity of trace metals in soil as affected by soil type and aging after contamination: using calibrated bioavailability models to set ecological soil standards . Environ Tox Chem , 28 : 1633 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakali , S , Allen , H E Di Toro , D M . 2007 . A terrestrial biotic ligand model. 1. Development and application to to Cu and Ni toxicities to barley root elongation in soils . Environ Sci Technol , 40 : 7085 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) . 1997 . Exposure Factors Handbook. Volume II—Food Ingestion Factors , EPA/600//P-95/002Fa Washington, DC, , USA : Office of Research and Development .
   Google Scholar
• USEPA . 1998 . Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol for Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities, vol I, Peer Review Draft. (U.S.) US Environmental Protection Agency Region 6. Multimedia Planning and Permitting Division, Center for Combustion Science and Engineering EPA530-D-98-001A, Office of Solid Waste Dallas, TX, , USA
   Google Scholar
• Warren , G P , Alloway , B J Lepp , N W . 2003 . Field trials to assess the uptake of arsenic by vegetables from contaminated soils and soil remediation with iron oxides . Sci Total Environ , 311 : 19 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng , P , Wolthoorn , A Lexmond , T . 2004 . Understanding the effects of soil characteristics on phytotoxicity and bioavailability of nickel using speciation models . Environ Sci Technol , 38 : 156 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar