Characterizing of fine particulate matter (PM₁) on the platforms and outdoor areas of underground and surface subway stations

References

• Aarnio P, Yli-Tuomi T, and Kousa A. 2005. The concentrations and composition of and exposure to fine particles (PM 2.5) in the Helsinki subway system. Atmos Environ 39:5059–66
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams H, Nieuwenhuijsen M, and Colvile R. 2001. Fine particle (PM 2.5) personal exposure levels in transport microenvironments, London, UK. Sci Total Environ 279:29–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An J, Zhou Q, and Liu W. 2008. Horizontal distribution and levels of heavy metals in the biggest snowstorm in a century in Shenyang, China. J Environ Sci 20:846–51
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell ML. 2012. Assessment of the health impacts of particulate matter characteristics. Res Rep (Health Effects Institute) 161:5–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braniš M. 2006. The contribution of ambient sources to particulate pollution in spaces and trains of the Prague underground transport system. Atmos Environ 40:348–56
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Y-H, Lin Y-L, and Liu C-C. 2008. Levels of PM 10 and PM 2.5 in Taipei rapid transit system. Atmos Environ 42:7242–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chillrud SN, Epstein D, and Ross JM. 2004. Elevated airborne exposures of teenagers to manganese, chromium, and iron from steel dust and New York City's subway system. Environ Sci Technol 38:732–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominici F, Peng RD, and Bell ML. 2006. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Jama 295:1127–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elihn K, and Berg P. 2009. Ultrafine particle characteristics in seven industrial plants. Ann Occup Hyg: Mep033 53:475–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu PP, Xia Q, and Hwang H-M. 2014. Mechanisms of nanotoxicity: Generation of reactive oxygen species. J Food Drug Anal 22:64–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehrig R, Hill M, and Lienemann P. 2007. Contribution of railway traffic to local PM10 concentrations in Switzerland. Atmos Environ 41:923–33
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghozikali MG, Mosaferi M, and Safari GH. 2014. Effect of exposure to O3, NO2, and SO2 on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations in Tabriz, Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:2817–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo L, Hu Y, and Hu Q. 2014. Characteristics and chemical compositions of particulate matter collected at the selected metro stations of Shanghai, China. Sci Total Environ 496:443–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavsson P, Bigert C, and Pollán M. 2008. Incidence of lung cancer among subway drivers in Stockholm. Am J Ind Med 51:545–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa S, Hirabayashi M, and Kobayashi S. 2004. Size distribution and characterization of ultrafine particles in roadside atmosphere. J Environ Sci Health, Part A 39:2671–90
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassani S, Sepand M, and Jafari A. 2014. Protective effects of curcumin and vitamin E against chlorpyrifos-induced lung oxidative damage. Hum Exp Toxicol:0960327114550888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoseini M, Jabbari H, and Naddafi K. 2013. Concentration and distribution characteristics of airborne fungi in indoor and outdoor air of Tehran subway stations. Aerobiologia 29:355–63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoseini M, Yunesian M, and Nabizadeh R. 2015. Characterization and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban atmospheric Particulate of Tehran, Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:1820–1832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juneg H-J, Kim B, and Malek MA. 2012. Chemical speciation of size-segregated floor dusts and airborne magnetic particles collected at underground subway stations in Seoul, Korea. J Hazard Mater 213:331–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadiiska MB, Mason RP, and Dreher KL. 1997. In vivo evidence of free radical formation in the rat lung after exposure to an emission source air pollution particle. Chem Res Toxicol 10:1104–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kam W, Cheung K, and Daher N. 2011. Particulate matter (PM) concentrations in underground and ground-level rail systems of the Los Angeles Metro. Atmos Environ 45:1506–16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamani H, Hoseini M, and Seyedsalehi M. 2014a. Concentration and characterization of airborne particles in Tehran's subway system. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:7319–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamani H, Hoseini M, and Safari GH. 2014b. Study of trace elements in wet atmospheric precipitation in Tehran, Iran. Environ Monit Asses 186:5059–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamani H, Ashrafi SD, and Isazadeh S. 2015. Heavy metal contamination in street dusts with various land uses in Zahedan, Iran. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 94:382–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson HL, Nilsson L, and Möller L. 2005. Subway particles are more genotoxic than street particles and induce oxidative stress in cultured human lung cells. Chem Res Toxicol 18:19–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KY, Kim YS, and Kim D. 2011. Exposure level and distribution characterisand fungi in Seoul metropolitan subway stations. Industrial Health 49:242–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knol AB, de Hartog JJ, and Boogaard H. 2009. Expert elicitation on ultrafine particles: Likelihood of health effects and causal pathways. Part Fibre Toxicol 6:19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KuMarch P, Robins A, and Vardoulakis S. 2010. A review of the characteristics of nanoparticles in the urban atmosphere and the prospects for developing regulatory controls. Atmos Environ 44:5035–52
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loxham M, Cooper MJ, and Gerlofs-Nijland ME. 2013. Physicochemical characterization of airborne particulate matter at a mainline underground railway station. Environ Sci Technol 47:3614–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLennan S, and Taylor S. 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution: An Examination of the Geochemical Record Preserved in Sedimentary Rocks, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
   Google Scholar
• Monaci F, and Bargagli R. 1997. Barium and other trace metals as indicators of vehicle emissions. Water, Air, Soil Pollut 100:89–98
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno T, Martins V, and Querol X. 2015. A new look at inhalable metalliferous airborne particles on rail subway platforms. Sci Total Environ 505:367–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naddafi K, Jabbari H, and Hoseini M. 2011. Investigation of indoor and outdoor air bacterial density in Tehran subway system.
   Google Scholar
• Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, and Yunesian M. 2012. Health impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of Tehran, Iran. J Environ Health Sci Eng 9:28
   Google Scholar
• Nieuwenhuijsen M, Gomez-Perales J, and Colvile R. 2007. Levels of particulate air pollution, its elemental composition, determinants and health effects in metro systems. Atmos Environ 41:7995–8006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormstad H, Gaarder PI, and Johansen B. 1997. Quantification and characterisation of suspended particulate matter in indoor air. Sci Total Environ 193:185–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagano P, De Zaiacomo T, and Scarcella E. 1996. Mutagenic activity of total and particle-sized fractions of urban particulate matter. Environ Sci Technol 30:3512–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park D, Oh M, and Yoon Y. 2012. Source identification of PM 10 pollution in subway passenger cabins using positive matrix factorization. Atmos Environ 49:180–5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng RD, Bell ML, and Geyh AS. 2009. Emergency admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and the chemical composition of fine particle air pollution. Environ Health Perspect 117:957–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Querol X, Moreno T, and Karanasiou A. 2012. Variability of levels and composition of PM 10 and PM 2.5 in the Barcelona metro system. Atmos Chem Phys 12:5055–76
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rückerl R, Schneider A, and Breitner S. 2011. Health effects of particulate air pollution: A review of epidemiological evidence. Inhal Toxicol 23:555–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salma I, Weidinger T, and Maenhaut W. 2007. Time-resolved mass concentration, composition and sources of aerosol particles in a metropolitan underground railway station. Atmos Environ 41:8391–405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salma I, Pósfai M, and Kovács K. 2009. Properties and sources of individual particles and some chemical species in the aerosol of a metropolitan underground railway station. Atmos Environ 43:3460–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seinfeld JH, and Pandis SN. 2012. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey
   Google Scholar
• Sundh J, Olofsson U, and Olander L. 2009. Wear rate testing in relation to airborne particles generated in a wheel–rail contact. Lubr Sci 21:135–50
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai D-H, Wu Y-H, and Chan C-C. 2008. Comparisons of commuter's exposure to particulate matters while using different transportation modes. Sci Total Environ 405:71–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Houdt J. 1990. Mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter in indoor and outdoor environments. Atmos Environ Part B Urban Atmos 24:207–20
   Google Scholar
• WHO. 2004. Health aspects of air pollution: Results from the WHO project“ Systematic review of health aspects of air pollution in Europe”.
   Google Scholar
• Zhuang G, Guo J, and Yuan H. 2001. The compositions, sources, and size distribution of the dust storm from China in spring of 2000 and its impact on the global environment. Chin Sci Bull 46:895–900
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang G, Guo J, and Yuan H. 2003. Coupling and feedback between iron and sulphur in air-sea exchange. Chin Sci Bull 48:1080–6
   Google Scholar