Organochlorine contaminants in freshwater mussels; occurrence, bioaccumulation pattern, spatio-temporal distribution and human health risk assessment from the tributaries of River Ravi, Pakistan

References

• Ahad K, Mohammad A, Khan H, Ahmad I, Hayat Y. 2010. Monitoring results for organochlorine pesticides in soil and water from selected obsolete pesticide stores in Pakistan. Environ. Monit. Assess 166:191–9. doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0995-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali N, Ali L, Mehdi T, Dirtu CA, Neels H, Covaci A. 2013. Levels and profiles of organochlorines and flame retardants in car and house dust from Kuwait and Pakistan: Implication for human exposure via dust ingestion. Environ. Int. 55:62–70. doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali N, Ali LN, Eqani SA, Ismail IM, Malarvannan G, Kadi MW, Al-Badry Basahi JM, Covaci, A.. 2015. Organohalogenated contaminants in sediments and bivalves from the Northern Arabian Gulf. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 122:432–9. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Public Health Association. 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st ed. American Public Health Association/ American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation. Washington, DC, USA
   Google Scholar
• Azmi MA, Naqvi S, Azmi MA, Aslam M. 2006. Effect of pesticide residues on health and different enzyme levels in the blood of farm workers from Gadap (rural area) Karachi—Pakistan. Chemosphere 64:1739–44. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baqar M, Arslan M, Sadef Y, Mahmood A, Qadir A, Ahmad SR. 2017a. Persistent organic pollutants in Pakistan: Potential threat to ecological integrities in terms of genotoxicity and oxidative stress. Hum. Ecol. Risk. Assess. 23:1249–71. doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2017.1292843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baqar M, Sadef Y, Ahmad SR, Mahmood A, Qadir A, Li J, Zhang G. 2017b. Occurrence, ecological risk assessment, and spatio-temporal variation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water and sediments along River Ravi and its northern tributaries, Pakistan. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0182-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baqar M, Sadef Y, Ahmad SR, Mahmood A, Li J, Zhang G. 2017c. Organochlorine pesticides across the tributaries of River Ravi, Pakistan: Human health risk assessment through dermal exposure, ecological risks, source fingerprints and spatio-temporal distribution. Sci. Total Environ. 618:291–305. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellas J, González-Quijano A, Vaamonde A, Fumega J, Soriano JA, González JJ. 2011. PCBs in wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the N–NW Spanish coast: Current levels and long-term trends during the period 1991–2009. Chemosphere 85:533–41. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berny P, Lachaux O, Buronfosse T, Mazallon TM, Gillet C. 2002. Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) as indicators of freshwater contamination with lindane. Environ. Res. 90:142–51. doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2002.4371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biterna M, Voutsa D. 2005. Polychlorinated biphenyls in ambient air of NW Greece and in particulate emissions. Environ. Int. 31:671–7. doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campillo JA, Fernández B, García V, Benedicto J, León VM. 2017. Levels and temporal trends of organochlorine contaminants in mussels from Spanish Mediterranean waters. Chemosphere. 182:584–94. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter DO. 2013. Effects of Persistent and Bioactive Organic Pollutants on Human Health. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Carro N, García I, Ignacio M, Mouteira A. 2010. Spatial and temporal trends of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) in mussel from Galician coast (1998–2008). Environ Int. 36:873–9. doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho FP, Villeneuve JP, Cattini C, Tolosa I, Thuan DD, Nhan DD. 2008. Agrochemical and polychlorobyphenyl (PCB) residues in the Mekong River delta, Vietnam. Mar Pollut Bull. 56:1476–85. doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty P, Zhang G, Li J, Selvaraj S, Breivik K, Jones KC. 2016. Soil concentrations, occurrence, sources and estimation of air-soil exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls in Indian cities. Sci. Total Environ. 562:928–34. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi KH, Chang MB, Kao SJ. 2007. Historical trends of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in sediments buried in a reservoir in Northern Taiwan. Chemosphere 68:1733–40. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debruyn AM, Meloche LM, Lowe CJ 2009. Patterns of bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ether and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in marine mussels. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43:3700–04. doi.org/10.1021/es900472k
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmet M, Mourier B, Mahler BJ, Van Metre PC, Roux G, Persat H, Lefèvre I, Peretti A, Chapron E, Simonneau A, Miège C, Babut M. 2012. Spatial and temporal trends in PCBs in sediment along the lower Rhône River, France. Sci. Total Environ. 433:189–97. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodoo DK, Essumang DK, Jonathan JW, 2013. Accumulation profile and seasonal variations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in bivalves Crassostrea tulipa (oysters) and Anadara senilis (mussels) at three different aquatic habitats in two seasons in Ghana. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 88:26–34. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drouillard KG, Chan S, O'rourke S, Douglas Haffner G, Letcher RJ. 2007. Elimination of 10 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from the freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata. Chemosphere 69:362–70. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ejaz N, Hashmi HN, Ghumman AR (2011). Water quality assessment of effluent receiving streams in Pakistan: A case study of Ravi River. Mehran Univ. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 30:383–96
   Google Scholar
• Eqani SAMAS, Malik RN, Alamdar A, Faheem H. 2012a. Status of organochlorine contaminants in the different environmental compartments of Pakistan: A review on occurrence and levels. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 88:303–10. doi.org/10.1007/s00128-011-0496-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eqani SAMAS, Malik RN, Katsoyiannis A, Zhang G, Chakraborty P, Mohammad A, Jones KC. 2012b. Distribution and risk assessment of organochlorine contaminants in surface water from River Chenab, Pakistan. J. Environ. Monit. 14:1645–54. doi.org/10.1039/c2em11012a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eqani SAMAS, Malik RN, Mohammad A. 2011. The level and distribution of selected organochlorine pesticides in sediments from River Chenab, Pakistan. Environ. Geochem. Health 33:33–47. doi.org/10.1007/s10653-010-9312-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eqani SAMAS, Malik RN, Zhang G, Cincinelli A, Rasheed A, Qadir A, Bokhari H, Mohammad A, Jones KC, Katsoyiannis A. 2013. Uptake of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by river water fish: The case of River Chenab. Sci. Total Environ. 450–451:83–91. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2016. Codex Alimentarius Commission. https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/nKoXBRSzGGNw3c4?domain=fao.org"http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/maximum-residue-limits/en/ (accessed on 21.12.2016).
   Google Scholar
• Farooq S, Eqani SAMAS, Malik RN, Katsoyiannis A, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Li J, Xiang L, Jones KC, Shinwari ZK. 2011. Occurrence, finger printing and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Chenab River, Pakistan. J. Environ. Monit. 13:3207–15. doi.org/10.1039/c1em10421g
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu JM, Mai BX, Sheng GY, Zhang G, Wang XM, Peng PA, Xiao XM, Ran R, Cheng FZ, Peng XZ, Wang ZS, Tang UW. 2003. Persistent organic pollutants in environment of the Pearl River Delta, China: An overview. Chemosphere 52:1411–22. doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00477-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes A, Fernandez-Segovia I, Escriche I, Serra JA. 2009. Comparison of physico-chemical parameters and composition of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk.) from different Spanish origins. Food Chem. 112:295–302. doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gewurtz SB, Lazar R, Haffner GD. 2003. Biomonitoring of bioavailable PAH and PCB water concentrations in the Detroit River using the freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata. J. Great Lakes Res. 29:242–55. doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70430-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Punjab (GOP). 2015. Punjab Development Statistics. Bureau of Statistics, Government of the Punjab, Lahore. www.bos.gop.pk (assessed 11.03.2017)
   Google Scholar
• Government of Punjab (GOP). 2011. The Punjab Pure Food Rules. Available at http://punjablaws.gov.pk/ (assessed 25.06.2017)
   Google Scholar
• Grienke U, Silke J, Tasdemir D. 2014. Bioactive compounds from marine mussels and their effects on human health. Food Chem. 142, 48–60. doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo JY, Zeng EY, Wu FC, Meng XZ, Mai BX, Luo XJ. 2007. Organochlorine pesticides in seafood products from southern China and health risk assessment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 26:1109–15. doi.org/10.1897/06-446R.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herceg-Romanić S, Kljaković-Gašpić Z, Klinčić D, Ujević I. 2014. Distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in cultured mussels from the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea. Chemosphere 114:69–75. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal M, Breivik K, Syed JH, Malik RN, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC. 2015. Emerging issue of e-waste in Pakistan: A review of status, research needs and data gaps. Environ. Pollut. 207:308–18. doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahan F. 2011. Dengue Fever (DF) in Pakistan. Asia Pac. Fam. Med. 10:1. doi.org/10.1186/1447-056X-10-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jamil N, Baqar M, Shaikh IA, Javaid I, Shahid A, Khalid R, Ahsan N, Qadir A, Arslan M. 2015. Assessment of mercury contamination in water and soil surrounding a chlor-alkali plant: A case study. J. Chem. Soc. Pakistan 37:173–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jan MR, Shah J, Khawaja MA, Gul K, 2009. DDT residue in soil and water in and around abandoned DDT manufacturing factory. Environ. Monit. Assess. 155:31–8. doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0415-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang QT, Lee TK, Chen K, Wong HL, Zheng JS, Lo KK, Yamashita N, Lam PK. 2005. Human health risk assessment of organochlorines associated with fish consumption in a coastal city in China. Environ Pollut. 136:155–65. doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.09.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi J, Serizawa S, Sakurai T, Imaizumi Y, Suzuki N, Horiguchi T. 2010. Spatial distribution and partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls in Tokyo Bay, Japan. J. Environ. Monit. 12:838–45. doi.org/10.1039/b925541a
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koistinen J, Herve S, Ruokojärvi P, Koponen J, Vartiainen T. 2010. Persistent organic pollutants in two Finnish watercourses: Levels, congener profiles and source estimation by mussel incubation. Chemosphere 80:625–33. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwong RWM, Yu PKN, Lam PKS, Wang WX, 2009. Biokinetics and biotransformation of DDTs in the marine green mussels Perna viridis. Aquat. Toxicol. 93:196–204. doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Zhang G, Guo L, Xu W, Li X, Lee CS, Ding A, Wang T. 2007. Organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere of Guangzhou and Hong Kong: Regional sources and long-range atmospheric transport. Atmos. Environ. 41:3889–903. doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.12.052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SH, Ra JS, Choi JW, Yim BJ, Jung MS, Kim SD 2014. Human health risks associated with dietary exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in river water in Korea. Sci. Total Environ. 470–471:1362–69. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv J, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhou C, Guo C, Luo Y, Meng W, Zou G, Xu J. 2015. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments of Liaohe River: Levels, spatial and temporal distribution, possible sources, and inventory. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22:4256–64. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3666-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood A, Malik RN, Li J, Zhang G. 2014a. Levels, distribution pattern and ecological risk assessment of organochlorines pesticides (OCPs) in water and sediments from two tributaries of the Chenab River, Pakistan. Ecotoxicology 23:1713–21. doi.org/10.1007/s10646-014-1332-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood A, Malik RN, Li J, Zhang G. 2014b. Levels, distribution profile, and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water and sediment from two tributaries of the River Chenab, Pakistan. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21:7847–55. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2730-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik RN, Rauf S, Mohammad A, Eqani SAMAS, Ahad K. 2011. Organochlorine residual concentrations in cattle egret from the Punjab Province, Pakistan. Environ. Monit. Assess. 173:325–41. doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1390-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milun V, Grgas D, Dragičević TL. 2016. Assessment of PCB and chlorinated pesticide accumulation in mussels at Kaštela Bay (Eastern Adriatic). Sci. Total Environ. 562:115–27. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monirith I, Ueno D, Takahashi S, Nakata H, Sudaryanto A, Subramanian An, Karuppiah S, Ismail A, Muchtar M, Zheng J, Richardson BJ, Prudente M, Hue ND, Tana TS, Tkalin AV, Tanabe S. 2003. Asia-Pacific mussel watch: monitoring contamination of persistent organochlorine compounds in coastal waters of Asian countries. Mar. Poll. Bull. 46:281–300. doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00400-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muralidharan S, Dhananjayan V, Jayanthi P. 2009. Organochlorine pesticides in commercial marine fishes of Coimbatore, India and their suitability for human consumption. Environ. Res. 109:15–21. doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasir A, Arslan C, Khan MA, Nazir N, Awan UK, Ali MA, Waqas U. 2012. Industrial wastewater management in District Gujranwala of Pakistan: Current status and future suggestions. Pak. J. Agri. Sci. 49:79–85
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naso B, Perrone D, Ferrante MC, Bilancione M, Lucisano A. 2005. Persistent organic pollutants in edible marine species from the gulf of Naples southern Italy. Sci. Total Environ. 343:83–95. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieto NC, Khan K, Uhllah G, Teglas MB. 2012. The Emergence and Maintenance of Vector-Borne Diseases in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. Front Physiol. 3:250. doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okay OS, Karacık B, Henkelmann B, Schramm KW. 2011. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments and mussels from the Istanbul Strait. Environ. Monit. Assess. 176:51–65. doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1566-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özkoç HB, Bakan G, Ariman S. 2007. Distribution and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides along the Black Sea coast. Environ. Geochem. Health 29:59–68. doi.org/10.1007/s10653-006-9064-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan J, Yang YL, Xu Q, Chen DZ, Xi DL. 2007. PCBs, PCNs and PBDEs in sediments and mussels from Qingdao coastal sea in the frame of current circulations and influence of sewage sludge. Chemosphere 66:1971–82. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu X, Zhu T, Li J, Pan H, Li Q, Miao G, Gong J. 2004. Organochlorine pesticides in the air around the Taihu Lake, China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:1368–74. doi.org/10.1021/es035052d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajendran RB, Imagawa T, Tao H, & Ramesh R. 2005. Distribution of PCBs, HCHs and DDTs, and their ecotoxicological implications in Bay of Bengal, India. Environ. Int. 32:503–12. doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.10.009
   Google Scholar
• Ramu K, Kajiwara N, Isobe T, Takahashi S, Kim EY, Min BY, We SU, Tanabe S. 2007. Spatial distribution and accumulation of brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from coastal waters of Korea. Environ. Pollut. 148:562–9. doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.11.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson T, Ali U, Mahmood A, Chaudhry MJI, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC, Malik RN. 2016. Concentrations and patterns of organochlorines (OCs) in various fish species from the Indus River, Pakistan: A human health risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 541:1232–42. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohail M, Khan MN, Chaudhry AS, Shahzad K. 2016. Proximate composition and elemental analysis in soft tissues of freshwater mussels (Anodonta anatina) from the Chashma Lake, River Indus Pakistan. Front. Biol. 11:331–7. doi.org/10.1007/s11515-016-1410-6
   Google Scholar
• Sultana J, Syed JH, Mahmood A, Ali U, Rehman MYA, Malik RN, Li J, Zhang G. 2014. Investigation of organochlorine pesticides from the Indus Basin, Pakistan: Sources, air–soil exchange fluxes and risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 497:113–22. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundar G, Selvarani J, Gopalakrishnan S, Ramachandran S. 2010. Occurrence of organochlorine pesticide residues in green mussel (Perna viridis L.) and water from Ennore creek, Chennai, India. Environ Monit Assess. 160:593–604. doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0721-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed JH, Malik RN. 2011. Occurrence and source identification of organochlorine pesticides in the surrounding surface soils of the Ittehad Chemical Industries, Kalashah Kaku, Pakistan. Environ. Earth Sci. 62:1311–21. doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0618-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed JH, Malik RN, Liu D, Xu Y, Wang Y, Li. J, Zhang G, Jones KC. 2013. Organochlorine pesticides in air and soil and estimated air–soil exchange in Punjab, Pakistan. Sci. Total Environ. 444:491–7. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed JH, Malik RN, Li J, Chaemfa C, Zhang G, Jones KC. 2014a. Status, distribution and ecological risk of organochlorines (OCs) in the surface sediments from the Ravi River, Pakistan. Sci. Total Environ. 472:204–11. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed JH, Malik RN, Muhammad A. 2014b. Organochlorine pesticides in surface soils and sediments from obsolete pesticides dumping site near Lahore city, Pakistan: Contamination status and their distribution. Chem. Ecol. 30:87–96. doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2013.829051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tariq MI, Afzal S, Hussain I. 2004. Pesticides in shallow groundwater of Bahawalnagar, Muzafargarh, DG Khan and Rajan Pur districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Environ. Int. 30:471–9. doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2003.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toan VD, Quy NP. 2015. Residues of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Sediment from CauBay River and Their Impacts on Agricultural Soil, Human Health Risk in KieuKy Area, Vietnam. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 95:177–82. doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1581-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulusoy Ş, Özden Ö, Päpke O. 2016. Distribution of OCPs and PCBs in Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Marmara Sea Coastal Sites. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 97:191–7. doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-1848-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNEP. 2001. Final act of the conference of plenipotentiaries on the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutant. United Nations Environment Program, Geneva, Switzerland
   Google Scholar
• Van den Berg M, Birnbaum LS, Denison M, Vito MD, Farland W, Feeley M, Fiedler H, Hakansson H, Hanberg A, Haws L, Rose M, Safe S, Schrenk D, Tohyama C, Tritscher A, Tuomisto J, Tysklind M, Walker N, Peterson RE. 2006. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol. Sci. 93, 223–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villeneuve JP, Carvalho FP, Fowler SW, Cattini C. 1999. Levels and trends of PCBs, chlorinated pesticides and petroleum hydrocarbons in mussels from the NW Mediterranean coast comparison on concentrations in 1973/1974 and 1988/1989. Sci. Total Environ. 237/238:57–65. doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00124-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HS, Du J, Ho KL, Leung HM, Lam MH, Giesy JP, Wong CK, Wong MH. 2011. Exposure of Hong Kong residents to PBDEs and their structural analogues through market fish consumption. J. Hazard. Mater. 192:374–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada S, Naito Y, Funakawa M, Nakai S, Hosomi M. 2008. Photodegradation fates of cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, and heptachlor in ethanol. Chemosphere 70:1669–75. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Y, Li Y, Shen Z, Yang Z, Mo L, Kong Y, Lou I. 2014. Occurrence and possible sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) along the Chao River, China. Chemosphere 114:136–43. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan X, Yang X, Na G, Zhang A, Mao Y, Liu G, Wang L, Li X. 2015. Poly-chlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments from the sand flats of Shuangtaizi Estuary, China: Levels, distribution, and possible sources. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22:14337–348. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4688-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zehra A, Eqani SAMAS, Katsoyiannis A, Schuster JK, Moeckel C, Jones KC, Malik RN. 2015. Environmental monitoring of organo-halogenated contaminants (OHCs) in surface soils from Pakistan. Sci. Total Environ. 506–507:344–52. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang ZL, Hong HS, Zhou JL, Huang J, Yu G:2003. Fate and assessment of persistent organic pollutants in water and sediment from Minjiang River estuary, Southern China. Chemosphere 52:1423–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Z, Zhang L, Wu J, Fan C 2009. Distribution and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments and benthic organisms from Taihu Lake, China. Chemosphere 77:1191–98. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.09.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar