A preliminary health risk assessment of heavy metals in local and imported rice grains marketed in Trinidad and Tobago, W.I.

References

• Alam MGM, Allison G, Stagnitti F, et al. 2002. Metal concentrations in rice and pulses of Samta village, Bangladesh. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 69:323–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Saleh I and Abduljabbar M. 2017. Heavy metals (lead, cadmium, methylmercury, arsenic) in commonly imported rice grains (Oryza sativa) sold in Saudi Arabia and their potential health risk. Int J Hyg Environ Health 220:1168–78.doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Saleh I and Shinwari N. 2001. Report on the levels of cadmium, lead, and mercury in imported rice grain samples. Bio Trace Element Res 83:91–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ATSDR. 2004. Toxicological Profile for Copper. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta. Available at https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp132.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Batista BL, De Oliveira Souza VC, Da Silva FG, et al. 2010. Survey of 13 trace elements of toxic and nutritional significance in rice from Brazil and exposure assessment. Food Addit Contam Part B: Surveill 3:253–62.doi: 10.1080/19393210.2010.516024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao H, Chen J, Zhang J, et al. 2010. Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their potential health risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China. J Environ Sci (China) 22:1792–99.doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60321-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TT. 2000. Rice. In: Kiple KF and Ornelas KC (eds), The Cambridge World History of Food. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. Available at http://www.cambridge.org/files/3914/1234/6050/Cambridge-World-History-Of-Food-IIA7-Rice.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dai H, Song X, Huang B, et al. 2016. Health risks of heavy metals to the general public in Hengyang, China via consumption of rice. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 22:1636–50.doi: 10.1080/10807039.2016.1207156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djahed B, Taghavi M, Farzadkia M, et al. 2018. Stochastic exposure and health risk assessment of rice contamination to the heavy metals in the market of Iranshahr, Iran. Food Chem Toxicol 115:405–12.doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugan M. 2015. Rice. J Agr Food Inform 16:3–10.doi: 10.1080/10496505.2015.985546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falahi E, Hedaiati R, and Ghiasvand AR. 2010. Survey of iron, zinc, calcium, copper, lead, and cadmium in rice samples grown in Iran. Food Addit Contam Part B: Surveill 3:80–3.doi: 10.1080/19440041003671288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fangmin C, Ningchum Z, Haiming X, et al. 2006. Cadmium and lead contamination in Japonica rice grains and its variation among the different locations in southeast China. Sci Total Environ 359:156–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO. 2017. FAO rice market monitor. Volume XX, Issue 3. Trade and Markets Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7964e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fu JJ, Zhou QF, Liu JM, et al. 2008. High levels of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa L.) from a typical E-waste recycling area in southeast China and its potential risk to human health. Chemosphere 71:1269–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hang X, Wang H, Zhou J, et al. 2009. Risk assessment of potentially toxic element pollution in soils and rice (Oryza sativa) in a typical area of the Yangtze River Delta. Environ Pollut 157:2542–49.doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Z, Pan XD, Wu PG, et al. 2013. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in rice to the population in Zhejiang, China. PLoS One 8:e75007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihedioha JN, Ujam OT, Nwuche CO, et al. 2016. Assessment of heavy metal contamination of rice grains (Oryza sativa) and soil from Ada field, Enugu, Nigeria: estimating the human health risk. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 22:1665–77.doi: 10.1080/10807039.2016.1217390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JECFA. 1982. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Twenty-sixth report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. WHO Technical Series No. 683. World Health Organization/Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Geneva
   Google Scholar
• JECFA. 2010. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: seventy-first report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. WHO Technical Series No. 956. World Health Organization/Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Geneva
   Google Scholar
• Jung MC, Yun ST, Lee JS, et al. 2005. Baseline study on essential and trace elements in polished rice from South Korea. Environ Geochem Health 27:455–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HT, Wong SS, and Li GC. 2004. Heavy metal content of rice and shellfish in Taiwan. J Food Drug Anal 12:167–74
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masironi R, Koirtyohann SR, and Pierce JO. 1977. Zinc, copper, cadmium and chromium in the polished and unpolished rice. Sci Total Environ 7:23–43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morekian R, Mirholi M, Azadbakht L, et al. 2013. Heavy metal distribution frequency in Iranian and imported rice varieties marketed in central Iran, Yazd, 2012. Int J Environ Health Eng 2:36. doi: 10.4103/2277-9183.122419
   Google Scholar
• Muthayya S, Sugimoto JD, Montgomery S, et al. 2014. An overview of global rice production, supply, trade, and consumption. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1324:7–14.doi:10.1111/nyas.12540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRC, Food and Nutrition Board. 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• NRC. 1991. Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutions. Advances and opportunities. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Naseri M, Vazirzadeh A, Kazemi R, et al. 2015. Concentration of some heavy metals in rice types available in Shiraz market and human health risk assessment. Food Chem 175:243–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachura P, Ociepa-Kubicka A, and Skowron-Grabowska B. 2015. Assessment of the availability of heavy metals to plants based on the translocation index and the bioaccumulation factor. Desalin Water Treat. doi: 10.1080/19443994.2015.1017330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poletti J, Pozebon D, de Fraga MVB, et al. 2014. Toxic and micronutrient elements in organic, brown and polished rice in Brazil. Food Addit Contam Part B: Surveill 7:63–9.doi: 10.1080/19393210.2013.845249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian Y, Chen C, Zhang Q, et al. 2010. Concentrations of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic in Chinese market milled rice and associated population health risk. Food Control 21:1757–63. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman MA, Rahman MM, Reichman SM, et al. 2014. Heavy metals in Australian grown and imported rice and vegetables on sale in Australia: health hazard. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 100:53–60.doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.11.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roya AQ and Ali MS. 2016. Heavy metals in rice samples on the Torbat-Heidarieh market, Iran. Food Addit Contam Part B: Surveill. doi: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1247918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satpathy D, Reddy, MV, and Dhal SP. 2014. Risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in paddy soil, plants, and grains (Oryza sativa L.) at the east coast of India. BioMed Res Int 2014. Article ID 54573, 11 pages. doi: 10.1155/2014/545473
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL, Llobet JM, et al. 1994. Cadmium, chromium, copper, and zinc in rice and rice field soil from southern Catalonia, Spain. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 53:54–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimbo S, Zhang ZW, Watanabe T, et al. 2001. Cadmium and lead contents in rice and other cereal products in Japan in 1998-2000. Sci Total Environ 281:165–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki S and Iwao S. 1982. Cadmium, copper, and zinc levels in the rice and rice field soil of Houston, Texas. Biol Trace Elem Res 4:21–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaddiwudhipong W, Limpatanachote P, Mahasakpan P, et al. 2007. Cadmium-exposed population in Mae Sot district, Tak province. 1. Prevalence of high urinary cadmium levels in the adults. J Med Assoc Thai 90:143–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trinidad and Tobago, Ministry of Planning and Sustainable Development. 2018. Personal Communication. Central Statistical Office. Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
   Google Scholar
• Tsukahara T, Ezaki T, Moriguchi J, et al. 2003. Rice as the most influential source of cadmium intake among general Japanese population. Sci Total Environ 305:41–51. doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00475-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waseem A, Arshad J, Iqbal F, et al. 2014. Pollution status of Pakistan: a retrospective review on heavy metal contamination of water, soil, and vegetables. BioMed Res Int 2014. Article ID 813206, 29 pages. doi: 10.1155/2014/813206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO. 1993. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 2nd ed, Vol. 1, Recommendations. World Health Organization, Geneva
   Google Scholar
• WHO. 1996. Permissible Limits of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants. World Health Organization, Geneva.
   Google Scholar