Characterization of the collapsible mechanisms of Malan loess on the Chinese Loess Plateau and their effects on eroded loess landforms

References

• Alfi AAS. 1984. Mechanical and electron optical properties of a stabilized collapsible soil in Tucson, Arizona [PhD thesis]. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona. p. 149–173.
   Google Scholar
• Barden L, McGown A, Collins K. 1973. The collapse mechanism in partly saturated soil. Eng Geol. 7(1):49–60. doi:10.1016/0013-7952(73)90006-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernatek-Jakiel A, Poesen J. 2018. Subsurface erosion by soil piping: significance and research needs. Earth Sci Rev. 185:1107–1128. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.08.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derbyshire E. 2001. Geological hazards in loess terrain, with particular reference to the loess regions of China. Earth Sci Rev. 54(1–3):231–260. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00050-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibben SC, Jefferson IF, Smalley IJ. 1998. The “Loughborough loess” Monte Carlo model of soil structure. Comput Geosci. 24(4):345–352. doi:10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00118-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra TA, Smalley IJ, Rogers CDF. 1995. Particle packing in loess deposits and the problem of structure collapse and hydroconsolidation. Eng Geol. 40(1–2):49–64. doi:10.1016/0013-7952(95)00022-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan X, Xu Q, Scaringi G, Li S, Peng D. 2017. A chemo-mechanical insight into the failure mechanism of frequently occurred landslides in the Loess Plateau, Gansu Province, China. Eng Geol. 228:337–345. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang XW, Shen CN, Li CH, Wang L, Liu HJ. 2013. Quantitative analysis of microstructure characteristics of Pucheng loess in Shaanxi Province. Chin J Rock Mech Eng. 34(5):1319–1324. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Gao GR. 1981. Classification of microstructures of loess in China and their collapsibility. Sci Chin Ser A. 24(7):962–974. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Giménez RG, de la Villa RV, Martín JG. 2012. Characterization of loess in central Spain: a microstructural study. Environ Earth Sci. 65(7):2125–2137. doi:10.1007/s12665-011-1193-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo YW, Zhang YL, Dang XL, Kato M. 2008. Behaviors of CaCO3 in loess collapse caused by irrigation. Acta Pedologica Sin. 45(6):1034–1039. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• He S, Wu J. 2019a. Hydrogeochemical characteristics, groundwater quality and health risks from hexavalent chromium and nitrate in groundwater of Huanhe Formation in Wuqi County, northwest China. Expo Health. 11(2):125–137. doi:10.1007/s12403-018-0289-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He S, Wu J. 2019b. Relationships of groundwater quality and associated health risks with land use/land cover patterns: a case study in a loess area, northwest China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 25(1–2):354–373. doi:10.1080/10807039.2019.1570463
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He X, Wu J, He S. 2019. Hydrochemical characteristics and quality evaluation of groundwater in terms of health risks in Luohe aquifer in Wuqi County of the Chinese Loess Plateau, northwest China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 25(1–2):32–51. doi:10.1080/10807039.2018.1531693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston SL, Houston WN, Spadola DJ. 1988. Prediction of field collapse of soils due to wetting. J Geotech Eng. 114(1):40–58. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1988)114:1(40)
   Google Scholar
• Jennings JE, Knight K. 1957. The additional settlement of foundations due to collapse of structure of sandy subsoils on wetting. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 316–319.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang M, Zhang F, Hu H, Cui Y, Peng J. 2014. Structural characterization of natural loess and remolded loess under triaxial tests. Eng Geol. 181:249–260. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.07.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei XY. 1987. Pore types of loess soils in China and its collapsibility. Sci China B. 12:1310–1316.
   Google Scholar
• Li P, He X, Guo W. 2019a. Spatial groundwater quality and potential health risks due to nitrate ingestion through drinking water: a case study in Yan’an City on the Loess Plateau of northwest China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 25(1–2):11–31. doi:10.1080/10807039.2018.1553612
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, He X, Li Y, Xiang G. 2019b. Occurrence and health implication of fluoride in groundwater of loess aquifer in the Chinese Loess Plateau: a case study of Tongchuan, northwest China. Expo Health. 11(2):95–107. doi:10.1007/s12403-018-0278-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, He S, Yang N, Xiang G. 2018. Groundwater quality assessment for domestic and agricultural purposes in Yan’an City, northwest China: implications to sustainable groundwater quality management on the Loess Plateau. Environ Earth Sci. 77(23):775. doi:10.1007/s12665-018-7968-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XA, Li L. 2017. Quantification of the pore structures of Malan loess and the effects on loess permeability and environmental significance, Shaanxi Province, China: an experimental study. Environ Earth Sci. 76(15):523. doi:10.1007/s12665-017-6855-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XA, Li L, Song Y, Hong B, Wang L, Sun J. 2019. Characterization of the mechanisms underlying loess collapsibility for land-creation project in Shaanxi Province, China—a study from a micro perspective. Eng Geol. 249:77–88. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.12.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, Qian H. 2018a. Water in loess. In: Meyers RA, editor. Encyclopedia of sustainability science and technology. New York (NY): Springer. p. 1–17. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_968-1.
   Google Scholar
• Li P, Qian H. 2018b. Water resource development and protection in loess areas of the world: a summary to the thematic issue of water in loess. Environ Earth Sci. 77(24):796. doi:10.1007/s12665-018-7984-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, Qian H, Howard KWF, Wu J. 2015. Building a new and sustainable “Silk Road economic belt”. Environ Earth Sci. 74(10):7267–7270. doi:10.1007/s12665-015-4739-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, Qian H, Wu J. 2014. Accelerate research on land creation. Nature. 510(7503):29–31. doi:10.1038/510029a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, Qian H, Zhou W. 2017. Finding harmony between the environment and humanity: an introduction to the thematic issue of the Silk Road. Environ Earth Sci. 76(3):105. doi:10.1007/s12665-017-6428-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, Vanapalli S, Li T. 2016. Review of collapse triggering mechanism of collapsible soils due to wetting. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 8(2):256–274. doi:10.1016/j.jrmge.2015.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XA, Wang L, Yan YL, Hong B, Li LC. 2018. Experimental study on the disintegration of loess in the Loess Plateau of China. Bull Eng Geol Environ. 78(7):1–12. doi:10.1007/s10064-018-01434-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu TS. 1985. Loess and environment. Beijing (China): Science Press. p. 1–481. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Liu Z, Liu F, Ma F, Wang M, Bai X, Zheng Y, Yin H, Zhang G. 2016. Collapsibility, composition, and microstructure of loess in China. Can Geotech J. 53(4):673–686. doi:10.1139/cgj-2015-0285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng J, Li XA. 2019. Effects of carbonate on the structure and properties of loess and the corresponding mechanism: an experimental study of the Malan loess, Xi’an area, China. Bull Eng Geol Environ. 78(7):1–12. doi:10.1007/s10064-018-01457-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao TD, Wang ZG. 1991. Deformation mechanism of collapsible loess in consideration of the microstructure instability. Catena Suppl. 20:93–105.
   Google Scholar
• Pei TT, Li XY, Wu HW, Wu XC, Chen Y, Xie BN. 2019. Sensitivity of vegetation water use efficiency to climate and vegetation index in Loess Plateau. China Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng. 35(5):119–125. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Pye K. 1995. The nature, origin and accumulation of loess. Quat Sci Rev. 14(7–8):653–667. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00047-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers CDF, Dijkstra TA, Smalley IJ. 1994. Hydroconsolidation and subsidence of loess: studies from China, Russia, North America and Europe: in memory of Jan Sajgalik. Eng Geol. 37(2):83–113. doi:10.1016/0013-7952(94)90045-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao X, Zhang H, Tan Y. 2018. Collapse behavior and microstructural alteration of remolded loess under graded wetting tests. Eng Geol. 233:11–22. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.11.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standardization Administration of China (SAC), Ministry of Construction. 2004. China National Standards GB50025-2004: standard for building construction in collapsible loess regions. Beijing (China): China Building Industry Press. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Tadepalli R, Fredlund DG. 1991. The collapse behavior of a compacted soil during inundation. Can Geotech J. 28(4):477–488. doi:10.1139/t91-065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian R, Wu J. 2019. Groundwater quality appraisal by improved set pair analysis with game theory weightage and health risk estimation of contaminants for Xuecha drinking water source in a loess area in Northwest China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 25(1–2):132–157. doi:10.1080/10807039.2019.1573035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JM, Wang J. 1994. Loessic corrosion landform and loessic tectonic joint in the middle south of Heibei province. Geog Res. 13(1):90–93. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Wen BP, Yan YJ. 2014. Influence of structure on shear characteristics of the unsaturated loess in Lanzhou. Eng Geol. 168:46–58. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.10.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Li P, Wang D, Ren X, Wei M. 2019a. Statistical and multivariate statistical techniques to trace the sources and affecting factors of groundwater pollution in a rapidly growing city on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 1–19. doi:10.1080/10807039.2019.1594156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Wang L, Wang S, Tian R, Xue C, Feng W, Li Y. 2017a. Spatiotemporal variation of groundwater quality in an arid area experiencing long-term paper wastewater irrigation, northwest China. Environ Earth Sci. 76(13):460. doi:10.1007/s12665-017-6787-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Xue C, Tian R, Wang S. 2017b. Lake water quality assessment: a case study of Shahu Lake in the semi-arid loess area of northwest China. Environ Earth Sci. 76(5):232. doi:10.1007/s12665-017-6516-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Zhou H, He S, Zhang Y. 2019b. Comprehensive understanding of groundwater quality for domestic and agricultural purposes in terms of health risks in a coal mine area of the Ordos basin, north of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Environ Earth Sci. 78(15):446. doi:10.1007/s12665-019-8471-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie WL, Li P, Zhang MS, Cheng TE, Wang Y. 2018. Collapse behavior and microstructural evolution of loess soils from the Loess Plateau of China. J Mt Sci. 15(8):1642–1657. doi:10.1007/s11629-018-5006-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang MS, Liu J. 2010. Controlling factors of loess landslides in western China. Environ Earth Sci. 59(8):1671–1680. doi:10.1007/s12665-009-0149-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Sun Y, Chen W, Song Y, Zhang J. 2019. Collapsibility, composition, and microfabric of the coastal zone loess around the Bohai Sea, China. Eng Geol. 257:105142. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.05.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Wu J, Xu B. 2018. Human health risk assessment of groundwater nitrogen pollution in Jinghui canal irrigation area of the loess region, northwest China. Environ Earth Sci. 77(7):273. doi:10.1007/s12665-018-7456-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar