Opportunities to improve quantitative risk assessment

References

• 1994 . DistFTT: Probability DISTribution FITting Tool , Bryan , TX : Sielken, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . DistGEN: Probability DISTribution GENerator , Bryan , TX : Sielken, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Druckery , H. 1967 . “Quantitative Aspects in Chemical Carcinogenesis,” . In Potential Carci‐nogenic Hazards from Drugs: Evaluation of Risks in Treatment , UICC Monograph Series Vol. 7 , 60 Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Enstrom , J.E. 1989 . “Health Practices and Cancer Mortality Among Active California Mormons.” . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 81 : 1807 – 1814 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J.S. , Graham , J.D. , Gray , G.M. and Sielken , R.L. Jr. 1994a . “A Distributional Approach to Characterizing Low‐Dose Cancer Risk,” . Risk Analysis , 14 ( 1 ) : 25 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J.S. , Gray , G.M. , Sielken , R.L. Jr. , Smith , A.E. , Valdez‐Flores , C. and Graham , J.D. 1994b . “Use of Probabilistic Expert Judgment in Distributional Analysis of Carcinogenic Potency,” . Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology , 20 ( 1 ) : 15 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J.S. , Graham , J.D. , Gray , G.M. and Sielken , R.L. Jr. 1995 . “A Distributional Approach to Characterizing Low‐Dose Cancer Risk,” . In Low‐Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks , Edited by: Olin , Stephen , Farland , William , Park , Colin , Rhomberg , Lorenz , Scheuplein , Robert , Starr , Thomas and Wilson , James . 253 – 274 . Washington, D.C. : ILSI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holland , C.D. and Sielken , R.L. Jr. 1993 . Quantitative Cancer and Risk Assessment , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Lu , F.C. and Sielken , R.L. Jr. 1991 . “Procedures for Assessment of Safety / Risk of Chemicals: Inception and Evolution of the ADI and Dose‐Response Modeling Procedures,” . Toxicology Letters , 59 : 5 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 1994 . Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Preston , R.J. , Fennell , T.R. , Leber , A.P. , Sielken , R.L. Jr. and Swenberg , JA. 1995 . “Reconsideration of the Genetic Risk Assessment for Ethylene Oxide Exposures,” . Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis , 26 : 189 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmähl , D. , Habs , M. , Wolter , S. and Kuenstler , K. 1979 . Experimental Investigation of the Influence Upon Chemical Carcinogenesis: 4th Communication ‐ Influence of Different Diets on Colon Carcinogenesis by 1,2‐Dimethylhydrazine in Sprague‐Dawley Rates . Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology , 93 : 57 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sielken , R.L. Jr. 1989 . “Useful Tools for Evaluating and Presenting More Science in Quantitative Cancer Risk Assessments,” . Toxic Substances Journal , 9 : 353 – 404 . Hemisphere Publishing Corporation
   Google Scholar
• Sielken , R.L. Jr. 1990 . “A Weight‐of‐Evidence Approach to Quantitative Cancer Risk Assessment Information Analysis,” . In Risk Assessment in Chemical Carcinogenesis , Edited by: Schettler , G. , Schmähl , D. and Klenner , T. New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . Proceedings of the Satellite Symposium on Risk Assessment in Chemical Carcinogenesis . August 24–25 1990 , Heidelberg , Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Sielken , R.L. Jr. and Stevenson , D.E. 1992 . “Comparisons of Human Cancer Potency Projections for Dieldrin Based on Human Data with those Based on Animal Data,” . In Relevance of Animal Studies to Evaluate Human Cancer Risk , Edited by: D'Amato , Robert , Slaga , Thomas J. , Farland , William H. and Henry , Carol . 295 – 319 . New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Sielken , R.L. Jr. “Evaluation of Chloroform Risk to Humans,” . The Toxicology Forum, 1993 Annual Winter Meeting . February 15–17 1993 . Washington, D.C. : The Capitol Hilton .
   Google Scholar
• Sielken , R.L. Jr. “Background Carcinogenidty Rates,” . The Toxicology Forum, 1993 Annual Summer Meeting . July 12–16 1993 . Aspen , Colorado : Given Institute of Pathology .
   Google Scholar
• Sielken , R.L. Jr. , Bretzlaff , R.S. and Stevenson , D.E. 1994 . “Incorporating Additional Biological Phenomena Into Two‐Stage Cancer Models,” . In Receptor‐Mediated Biological Processes Implications for Evaluating Carcinogenesis , Edited by: Spitzer , Hugh L. , Slaga , Thomas J. , Greenlee , William F. and McClain , Michael . 237 – 260 . New York : Wiley‐Liss .
   Google Scholar
• Sielken , R.L. Jr. and Stevenson , D.E. 1994 . “Another Flaw in the Linearized Multistage Model Upper Bounds on Human Cancer Potency,” . Regulatory Toxicology and Pharma‐cology , 19 : 106 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sielken , R.L. Jr. 1995 . “How to use both human and animal data in quantitative risk assessment,” . In The Role of Epidemiology in Regulatory Risk Assessment , Edited by: Graham , John D. 105 – 123 . New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Sielken , R.L. Jr. and Trenary , B.A. “More Realistic Exposure Durations for More Realistic People,” . Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association Meeting . June 1995 , San Antonio , Texas .
   Google Scholar
• Sielken , Robert L. Jr. , Bretzlaff , R.S. and Stevenson , D.E. 1995a . “Challenges to Default Assumptions Stimulate Comprehensive Realism as a New Tier in Quantitative Cancer Risk Assessment,” . Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology , 21 : 270 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sielken , R.L. Jr. , Reitz , R.H. and Hays , S.M. “Using PBPK Modeling and Comprehensive Realism Methodology for the Quantitative Cancer Risk Assessment of Butadiene,” . Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Evaluation of Butadiene & Isoprene Health Risks . June 1995 . 27–29 ,
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . Toxicology , 113 : 231 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sielken , R.L. Jr. and Valdez‐Flores , C. 1996 . “Comprehensive Realism's Weight‐of‐Evidence Based Distributional Dose‐Response Characterization,” . Human and Ecological Risk Assessment , 2 ( 1 ) : 175 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOT ED01 Task Force . 1981 . “Re‐Examination of the ED01 Study: Risk Assessment Using Time,” . Fundamental and Applied Toxicology , 1 : 88 – 123 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stevenson , D.E. , Bretzlaff , R.S. , Sielken , R.L. Jr. and Macdonald , R.L. 1994a . “Dose‐Response Characterization of Life, Death, and Hormesis,” . Comments Toxicology , 5 ( 2 ) : 151 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson , D.E. , Sielken , R.L. Jr. and Bretzlaff , R.S. 1994b . “Challenges To Low‐Dose Linearity In Carcinogenesis From Interactions Among Mechanistic Components As Exemplified By The Concept of ‘Invaders’ and Defenders’,” . Belle Newsletter , 3 ( 2 ) : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson , D.E. and Sielken , R.L. Jr. 1995a . “Incorporating the Concept of ‘Invaders’ and ‘Defenders’ in the Dose‐Response Modeling of Carcinogens,” . In Growth Factors and Tumor Promotion: Implications for Risk Assessment , 445 – 451 . New York : Wiley‐ Liss .
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson , D.E. and Sielken , R.L. Jr. The Low‐Dose Response in Cancer Studies May Not be Linear,” . The Toxicology Forum, 1995 Annual Summer Meeting . July 10–14 1995 . pp. 671 – 677 . Aspen , Colorado : Given Institute of Pathology .
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . UNRAVEL: A Weight‐Of‐Evidence Approach to Cancer Risk Assessment , Bryan , TX : Sielken, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . UNRAVELN: A Weight‐Of‐Evidence Approach to Quantitative Risk Assessment for Noncancer Health Effects , Bryan , TX : Sielken, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Sielken, Inc., 3833 Texas Avenue, Suite 230, Bryan, TX 77802; Tel: (409) 846–5175; Fax: (409) 846–2671; email: [email protected].
   Google Scholar
• Dermigen, Inc., P.O. Box 727, 908 NE 3rd Street (Loop 230), Smithville, TX 78957; Tel: (512) 237–5357; Fax: (512) 237–5363
   Google Scholar