Attitudes Toward Direct-to-Consumer Advertisements and Online Genetic Testing Among High-Risk Women Participating in a Hereditary Cancer Clinic

References

• American Cancer Society . ( 2008 ). Cancer facts and figures, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2009, from http://209.135.47.118/downloads/STT/2008CAFFfinalsecured.pdf
   Google Scholar
• An , S. (2007). Attitude toward direct-to-consumer advertising and drug inquiry intention: The moderating role of perceived knowledge. Journal of Health Communication , 12, 567–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen , M. R. , Bowen , D. , Yasui , Y. , & McTiernan , A. ( 2003 ). Awareness and concern about ovarian cancer among women at risk because of a family history of breast and ovarian cancer . American Journal of Obstetrician Gynecology , 189 , S42 – S47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrykowski , M. A. , Munn , R. K. , & Studts , J. L. ( 1996 ). Interest in learning of personal genetic risk for cancer: A general population survey . Preventive Medicine , 25 , 527 – 536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoniou , A. , Pharoah , P. D. , Narod , S. , Risch , H. A. , Eyfjord , J. E. , et al. . ( 2003 ). Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case series unselected for family history: A combined analysis of 22 studies . American Journal of Human Genetics , 72 , 1117 – 1130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong , K. , Stopfer , J. , Calzone , K. , Fitzgerald , G. , Coyne , J. , & Weber , B. ( 2002 ). What does my doctor think? Preferences for knowing the doctor's opinion among women considering clinical testing for BRCA1/2 mutations . Genetic Testing , 6 , 115 – 118 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armstrong , K. , Weber , B. L. , Ubel , P. A. , Guerra , C. , & Schwartz , J. S. ( 2002 ). Interest in BRCA1/2 testing in a primary care population . Preventive Medicine , 34 , 590 – 595 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora , N. K. , & McHorney , C. A. ( 2000 ). Patient preferences for medical decision making: Who really wants to participate? Medical Care , 38 , 335 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluman , L. G. , Rimer , B. K. , Sterba , K. R. , Lancaster , J. , Clark , S. , et al. . ( 2003 ). Attitudes, knowledge, risk perceptions and decision-making among women with breast and/or ovarian cancer considering testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 and their spouses . Psycho-Oncology , 12 , 410 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottorff , J. L. , Ratner , P. A. , Richardson , C. , Balneaves , L. G. , McCullum , M. , et al. . ( 2002 ). Women's interest in genetic testing for breast cancer risk: The influence of sociodemographics and knowledge . Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention , 11 , 89 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen , D. J. , Helmes , A. , Powers , D. , Andersen , M. R. , Burke , W. , et al. . ( 2003 ). Predicting breast cancer screening intentions and behavior with emotion and cognition . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 22 , 213 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron , L. D. , & Reeve , J. ( 2006 ). Risk perceptions, worry, and attitudes about genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility . Psychology & Health , 21 , 211 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappelli , M. , Surh , L. , Walker , M. , Korneluk , Y. , Humphreys , L. , et al. . ( 2001 ). Psychological and social predictors of decisions about genetic testing for breast cancer in high-risk women . Psychology, Health & Medicine , 6 , 321 – 333 .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . ( 2004 ). Genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility: Evaluating direct-to-consumer marketing—Atlanta . Denver, Raleigh, Durham, and Seattle, 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 53 , 603 – 605 .
   Google Scholar
• Claes , E. , Evers-Kiebooms , G. , Denayer , L. , Decruyenaere , M. , Boogaerts , A. , et al. . ( 2005 ). Predictive genetic testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: Psychological distress and illness representations 1 year following disclosure . Journal of Genetic Counseling , 14 , 349 – 363 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins , F. S. ( 2004 ). Workshop summary: Direct to consumer advertising of genetic tests. Retrieved January 14, 2009, from http://www.genome.gov/12010660
   Google Scholar
• Croyle , R. T. , & Lerman , C. ( 1999 ). Risk communication in genetic testing for cancer susceptibility . Journal of the National Cancer Institute and Monograms , 25 , 59 – 66 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeLorme , D. , Huh , J. , & Reid , L. N. ( 2006 ). Age differences in how consumers behave following exposure to DTC advertising . Health Communication , 20 , 255 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desphpande , A. , Menon , A. , Perri III , M. , & Zinkhan , G. ( 2004 ). Direct-to-consumer advertising and its utility in health care decision-making: A consumer perspective . Journal of Health Communication , 9 , 499 – 513 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , D. G. , Shenton , A. , Woodward , E. , Lalloo , F. , Howell , A. , & Maher , E. R. ( 2008 ). Penetrance estimates for BRCA1 and BRCA2 based on genetic testing in a Clinical Cancer Genetics service setting: Risks of breast/ovarian cancer quoted should reflect cancer burden in the family . BMC Cancer , 8 , 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraenkel , L. , & McGraw , S. (2007). Participation in medical decision making: The patients' perspective. Medical Decision Making , 27, 533–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman , T. G. ( 1998 ). Genetic susceptibility testing: Ethical and social quandaries . Health and Social Work , 23 , 214 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , M. , & Gould , J. ( 2007 ). Consumer attitudes and behaviors associated with direct-to-consumer prescription drug marketing . Journal of Consumer Marketing , 24 , 100 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Geransar , R. , & Einsiedel , E. ( 2008 ). Evaluating online direct-to-consumer marketing of genetic tests: Informed choices or buyers beware? Genetic Testing , 12 , 13 – 24 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gollust , S. E. , Hull , S. C. , & Wilfond , B. S. ( 2002 ). Limitations of direct-to-consumer advertising for clinical genetic testing . JAMA , 288 , 1762 – 1767 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , S. , & Olopade , O. L. ( 2003 ). Direct-to-consumer marketing of genetic tests for cancer: Buyer beware . Journal of Clinical Oncology , 21 , 3191 – 3194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurmankin , A. D. , Baron , J. , Hershey , J. C. , & Ubel , P. A. ( 2002 ). The role of physician's recommendations in medical treatment decisions . Medical Decision Making , 22 , 262 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwyn , K. , Vernon , S. W. , & Conoley , P. M. ( 2003 ). Intention to pursue genetic testing for breast cancer among women due for screening mammography . Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention , 12 , 97 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas , J. S. , Kaplan , C. P. , Des Jarlais , G. , Gildengoin , V. , Perez-Stable , E. J. , & Kerlikowske , K. ( 2005 ). Perceived risk of breast cancer among women at average and increased risk . Journal of Women's Health , 14 , 845 – 851 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hack , T. F. , Degner , L. F. , Watson , P. , & Sinha , L. ( 2006 ). Do patients benefit from participating in medical decision-making? Longitudinal follow-up of women with breast cancer . Psycho-Oncology , 15 , 9 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallowell , N. , Foster , C. , Eeles , R. , Ardern-Jones , A. , Murday , V. , & Watson , M. ( 2003 ). Balancing autonomy and responsibility: The ethics of generating and disclosing genetic information . Journal of Medical Ethics , 29 , 74 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heshka , J. , Palleschi , C. , Howley , H. , Wilson , B. , & Wells , P. S. ( 2008 ). A Systematic review of perceived risks, psychological and behavioural impact of genetic testing . Genetic Medicine , 10 , 19 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollon , M. F. ( 2005 ). Direct-to-consumer advertising: A haphazard approach to health promotion . Journal of the American Medical Association , 293 , 2030 – 2033 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , C. P. , Haas , J. S. , Perez-Stable , E. J. , Gregorich , S. E. , Somkin , C. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Breast cancer risk reduction options: Awareness, discussion, and use among women from four ethnic groups . Cancer Epidemiological Biomarkers Prevention , 15 , 162 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kausmeyer , D. T. , Lengerich , E. J. , Kluhsman , B. C. , Morrone , D. , Harper , G. R. , & Baker , M. J. ( 2006 ). A survey of patients' experiences with the cancer genetic counseling process: Recommendations for cancer genetics program . Journal of Genetic Counseling , 15 , 409 – 431 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiesler , D. J. , & Auerbach , S. M. ( 2006 ). Optimal matches of patient preferences for information, decision-making, and interpersonal behavior: Evidence, models, and interventions . Patient Education and Counseling , 61 , 319 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinney , A. Y. , Croyle , R. T. , Dudley , W. N. , Bailey , C. A. , Pelias , M. K. , & Neuhausen , S. L. ( 2001 ). Knowledge, attitudes, and interest in breast-ovarian cancer gene testing: A survey of a large African-American kindred with a BRCA1 mutation . Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory , 33 , 543 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kravitz , R. L. , & Melnikow , J. ( 2001 ). Engaging patients in medical decision making . BMJ , 323 , 584 – 585 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremer , H. , Ironson , G. , Schniederman , N. , & Hautzinger , M. ( 2007 ). “It's my body”: Does patient involvement in decision-making reduce decisional conflict? Medical Decision Making , 27 , 522 – 532 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerman , C. , Daly , M. , Sands , C. , Balshern , A. , Lustbader , E. , et al. . ( 1993 ). Mammography adherence and psychological distress among women at risk for breast cancer . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 85 , 1074 – 1080 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerman , C. , Schwartz , M. D. , Lin , T. H. , Hughes , C. , Narod , S. , & Lynch , H. (1997). The influence of psychological distress on use of genetic testing for cancer risk. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 65, 414–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerman , C. , Trock , B. , Rimer , B. K. , Boyce , A. , Jepson , C. , & Engstrom , P. F. ( 1991 ). Psychological and behavioral implications of abnormal mammograms . Annals of Internal Medicine , 114 , 657 – 661 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lux , M. P. , Fasching , P. A. , & Beckmann , M. W. ( 2006 ). Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: Review and future perspectives . Journal of Molecular Medicine , 84 , 16 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald , D. J. , Sarna , L. , Uman , G. C. , Grant , M. , & Weitzel , J. N. ( 2005 ). Health beliefs of women with and without breast cancer seeking genetic cancer risk assessment . Cancer Nursing , 28 , 372 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matloff , E. , & Caplan , A. ( 2008 ). Direct to confusion: Lessons learned from marketing BRCA testing . American Journal of Bioethics , 8 , 5 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , M. F. , Man-Huei , C. , Jorgensen , C. , Whitworth , W. , Kassim , S. , & Litch , J. A. ( 2006 ). Genetic testing for susceptibility to breast and ovarian: Evaluating the impact of a direct-to-consumer marketing campaign on physicans' knowledge and practices . Genetics in Medicine , 8 , 361 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myriad Genetics , Inc. ( 2007 ). Myriad Genetics launches awareness advertising campaign to educate women about hereditary risks of breast and ovarian cancers . Retrieved February 18, 2009, from http://investor.myriad.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=408932
   Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute, Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium . ( 2008 ). Patient Information Form. Retrieved January 10, 2008, from http://breastscreening.cancer.gov/data/ptlong6.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute . ( 2008 ). Genetics of breast and ovarian cancer. Retrieved January 10, 2008, from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/breast-and-ovarian/HealthProfessional
   Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute, Divison of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics . ( 2008 ). Women's Health Study. Retrieved January 10, 2008, from http://dceg.cancer.gov/modules/WomenHealth.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Comprehensive Cancer Network . ( 2007 ). Genetic/familial high-risk assessment: Breast and ovarian. Practice Guidelines in Oncology - V.1.2007. Retrieved October 15, 2007, from http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/genetics_screening.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Human Genome Research Institute . ( 2004 ). Learning about breast cancer. Retrieved January 19, 2009, from http://www.genome.gov/12010660
   Google Scholar
• Pasacreta , J. V. ( 2003 ). Psychosocial issues associated with genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk: An integrative review . Cancer Investigation , 21 , 588 – 623 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ries , L. A. G. , Melbert , D. , Krapcho , M. , Stinchcomb , D. G. , Howlader , N. , et al. . ( 2007 ). SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2005 . Bethesda , MD : National Cancer Institute . Retrieved January 10, 2009 from http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2005
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , A. R. , Hohmann , K. B. , Rifkin , J. I. , Topp , D. , Gilroy , C. M. , et al. . ( 2004 ). Direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising. Physician and public opinion and potential effects on the physician–patient relationship . Archives of Internal Medicine , 164 , 427 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Say , R. , Murtagh , M. , & Thomson , R. ( 2006 ). Patients' preference for involvement in medical decision making: A narrative review . Patient Education and Counseling , 60 , 102 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scantron Corporation . ( n.d. ). Retrieved April 1, 2009, from http://www.scantron.com/eListen
   Google Scholar
• Shiloh , S. , & Ilan , S. ( 2005 ). To test or not to test? Moderators of the relationship between risk perceptions and interest in predictive genetic testing . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 28 , 467 – 477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , J. , Cutler , L. , & Silvers , J. B. ( 2004 ). Toward understanding consumers' roles in medical decisions for emerging treatments: Issues, framework, and hypotheses . Journal of Business Research , 57 , 1054 – 1065 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , T. , & Smith , D. (2005). Direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising: A study of consumer attitudes and behavioral intentions. Journal of Consumer Marketing , 22, 369–378.
   Google Scholar
• Smith , K. L. , & Isaacs , C. ( 2007 ). Management of women at increased risk for hereditary breast cancer . Breast Disease , 27 , 51 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Somers , T. J. , Michael , J. C. , Klein , W. M. P. , & Baum , A. ( 2009 ). Cancer genetics service interest in women with a limited family history of breast cancer . Journal of Genetic Counseling , 18 , 339 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumpradit , N. , Fors , S. W. , & McCormick , L. ( 2002 ). Consumer's attitudes and behaviors towards prescription drug advertising . American Journal of Health Behavior , 26 , 68 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , S. C. , Pitts , J. S. , & Schwankovsky , L. ( 1993 ). Preferences for involvement in medical decision-making: Situational and demographic influences . Patient Education and Counseling , 22 , 133 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force . ( 2005 ). Genetic risk assessment and BRCA mutation testing for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility: Recommendation statement . Annals of Internal Medicine , 143 , 355 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , C. , Gonzalez , R. , Janz , N. K. , Milliron , K. J. , & Merajver , S. D. ( 2007 ). The role of cognitive appraisal and worry in BRCA1/2 testing decisions among a clinic population . Psychology & Health , 22 , 719 – 736 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch Cline , R. J. , & Young , H. N. ( 2005 ). Direct-to-consumer print ads for drugs: Do they undermine the physician–patient relationship? The Journal of Family Practice , 54 , 1049 – 1057 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams-Jones , B. ( 2006 ). Be ready against cancer, now: Direct-to-consumer advertising for genetic testing . New Genetics and Society , 25 , 90 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfberg , A. J. ( 2007 ). Genes on the Web—Direct to consumer marketing of genetic testing . New England Journal of Medicine , 355 , 543 – 544 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , H. N. , & Welch Cline , R. J. ( 2005 ). Textual cues in direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising: Motivators to communicate with physicians . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 33 , 348 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar