Fair Balance in Direct-to-Consumer Antidepressant Print and Television Advertising, 1995–2007

References

• Arnold , M. ( 2009a ). Between screens: A shift in DTC . Medical Marketing & Media , 44 ( 4 ), 40 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Arnold , M. ( 2009b ). DTC spend lagged in ‘08, says TNS . Medical Marketing & Media , 44 ( 1 ), 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Arnold , S. B. ( 2007 ). Improving quality health care: The role of consumer engagement. Retrieved from http://www.rwjf.org/files/research/ahbriefrwjfummary.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Avery , R. J. , Kenkel , D. , Lillard , D. R. , & Mathios , A. ( 2007 ). Public profits and public health: Do advertising smoking cessation products encourage smokers to quit? Journal of Political Economy, 115, 447–481.
   Google Scholar
• Avery , R. J. , Kenkel , D. , Lillard , D. R. , Mathios , A. , & Wang , H. ( 2008 ). Health disparities and direct-to-consumer advertising of pharmaceutical products . Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research , 19 , 71 – 94 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barlow , T. , & Wogalter , M. S. ( 1993 ). Alcoholic beverage warnings in magazine and television advertisements . Journal of Consumer Research , 20 ( 1 ), 147 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berndt , E. R. ( 2005 ). To inform or persuade? Direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 325–328.
   Google Scholar
• Bradford , W. D. , Kleit , A. N. , Nietert , P. J. , Steyer , T. , McIlwain , T. , & Ornstein , S. ( 2006 ). How direct-to-consumer television advertising for osteoarthritis drugs affects physicians’ prescribing behavior . Health Affairs (Project Hope) , 25 , 1371 – 1377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownfield , E. D. , Bernhardt , J. M. , Phan , J. L. , Williams , M. V. , & Parker , R. M. ( 2004 ). Direct-to-consumer drug advertisements on network television: An exploration of quantity, frequency, and placement . Journal of Health Communication , 9 , 491 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundorf , M. K. , Singer , S. J. , Wagner , T. H. , & Baker , L. ( 2004 ). Consumers’ use of the internet for health insurance . The American Journal of Managed Care , 10 , 609 – 616 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buttigieg , M. A. , & Sanderson , P. M. ( 1991 ). Emergent features in visual display design for two types of failure detection tasks . Human Factors , 33 , 631 – 651 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , L. ( 2008 ). Use, misuse, and abuse of content analysis for research on the consumer interest . Journal of Consumer Affairs , 42 , 100 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee on the Assessment of the U.S. Drug Safety System . ( 2006 ). The future of drug safety: Promoting and protecting the health of the public. Retrieved from http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2006/The-Future-of-Drug-Safety/futureofdrugsafety_reportbrief.pdf/
   Google Scholar
• Congressional Budget Office . ( 2009 ). Promotional spending for prescription drugs. CBO Economic and Budget Issue Brief, pp. 1–8. Retrieved from http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/105xx/doc10522/12-02-DrugPromo_Brief.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Curry , T. J. , Jarosch , J. , & Pacholok , S. (2005). Are direct-to-consumer advertisements of prescription drugs educational?: Comparing 1992 to 2002. Journal of Drug Education , 35, 217–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , J. J. ( 2007 ). Consumers’ preferences for the communication of risk information in drug advertising . Health Affairs , 26 , 863 – 870 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , J. J. , & Meader , A. ( 2009 ). Beyond content analysis: Assessing fair balance in DTC pharmaceutical advertising . Journal of Medical Marketing , 9 ( 1 ), 57 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Dennett , D. C. , & Bocchino , C. ( 2009 ). America's health insurance plans. 2004. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/04/June04/060404/04d-0042-c00028-vol2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , R. , Parente , S. T. , & Christianson , J. B. ( 2007 ). Consumer-directed health plans: New evidence on spending and utilization . Inquiry , 44 , 26 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food & Drug Administration (FDA) . ( 2004a ). Guidance for industry-brief summary: Disclosing risk information in consumer-directed print advertisements. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm069984.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Food & Drug Administration (FDA) . ( 2004b ). The impact of direct-to-consumer advertising. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm143562.htm
   Google Scholar
• Food & Drug Administration . ( 2009 ). Prescription drug advertising. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/PrescriptionDrugAdvertising/UCM076768.htm#work_with_drug_companies
   Google Scholar
• Frosch , D. L. , Grande , D. , Tarn , D. M. , & Kravitz , R. L. ( 2010 ). A decade of controversy: Balancing policy with evidence in the regulation of prescription drug advertising . American Journal of Public Health , 100 , 24 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frosch , D. L. , Krueger , P. M. , Hornik , R. C. , Cronholm , P. F. , & Barg , F. K. ( 2007 ). Creating demand for prescription drugs: A content analysis of television direct-to-consumer advertising: Correction. Annals of Family Medicine, 5(1), 6–13.
   Google Scholar
• General Accounting Office . ( 2008 ). Trends in FDA's oversight of direct-to-consumer advertising. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Hollon , M. F. ( 2004 ). Direct-to-consumer marketing of prescription drugs: A current perspective for neurologists and psychiatrists . CNS Drugs , 18 , 69 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huh , J. , & Cude , B. J. ( 2004 ). Is the information fair and balanced in direct-to-consumer prescription drug websites? Journal of Health Communication, 9, 529–540.
   Google Scholar
• Huh , J. , DeLorme , D. E. , Reid , L. N. , & An , S. ( 2010 ). Direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising: History, regulation, and issues. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Medicine, Clinical and Health Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.minnesotamedicine.com/CurrentIssue/ClinicalJisuMarch2010/tabid/3351/Default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser Family Foundation. ( 2001 ). Understanding the effects of direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising . Menlo Park , CA : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Kaphingst , K. A. , & DeJong , W. ( 2004 ). The educational potential of direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising . Health Affairs , 23 , 143 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaphingst , K. A. , DeJong , W. , Rudd , R. E. , & Daltroy , L. N. ( 2004 ). A content analysis of direct-to-consumer television prescription drug advertisements . Journal of Health Communication , 9 , 515 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaphingst , K. A. , Rudd , R. E. , DeJong , W. , & Daltroy , J. H. ( 2005 ). Comprehension of information in three direct-to-consumer television prescription drug advertisements among adults with limited literacy . Journal of Health Communication , 10 , 609 – 619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassarjian , H. H. ( 1977 ). Content analysis in consumer research . Journal of Consumer Research , 4 , 8 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavadas , C. , Katsanis , L. P. , & LeBel , J. ( 2007 ). The effects of risk disclosure and ad involvement on consumers in DTC advertising . Journal of Consumer Marketing , 24 , 171 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Kessler , D. A. , & Levy , D. A. (2007). Direct-to-consumer advertising: Is it too late to manage the risks? Annals of Family Medicine, 5(1), 4–5.
   Google Scholar
• Kolbe , R. H. , & Burnett , M. S. ( 1991 ). Content-analysis research: An examination of applications with directives for improving research reliability and objectivity . Journal of Consumer Research , 18 , 243 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopp , S. W. , & Bang , H.-K. ( 2000 ). Benefits and risk information in prescription drug advertising: Review of empirical studies and marketing implications. Health Marketing Quarterly, 17, 39–56.
   Google Scholar
• Lang , A. ( 1995 ). Defining audio/video redundancy from a limited-capacity information processing perspective. Communication Research, 22, 86–115.
   Google Scholar
• Lang , A. ( 2000 ). The limited capacity model of mediated message processing . Journal of Communication , 50 , 46 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , B. , Salmon , C. T. , & Paek , H.-J. ( 2007 ). The effects of information sources on consumer reactions to direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertising: A consumer socialization approach . Journal of Advertising , 36 , 107 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lexchin , J. , & Mintzes , B. ( 2002 ). Direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs: The evidence says no . Journal of Public Policy & Marketing , 21 , 194 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyles , A. ( 2002 ). Direct marketing of pharmaceuticals to consumers. Annual Review of Public Health, 23, 73–91.
   Google Scholar
• Macias , W. , Pashupati , K. , & Lewis , L. S. ( 2007 ). A wonderful life or diarrhea and dry mouth? Policy issues of direct-to-consumer drug advertising on television . Health Communication , 22 , 241 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack , J. ( 2008 ). DTC ad spending will decrease 9% in 2008 and 11% in 2009! Retrieved from http://pharmamkting.blogspot.com/2008/11/dtc-ad-spending-will-decrease-9-in-2008.html
   Google Scholar
• Main , K. J. , Argo , J. J. , & Huhmann , B. A. ( 2004 ). Pharmaceutical advertising in the USA: Information or influence? International Journal of Advertising, 23, 119–142.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Mental Health . ( 1989 ). Depression. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/complete-index.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Ostrove , N. M. ( 2001 July24 ). Prescription drug promotion.Testimony before the Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs, Foreign Commerce, and Tourism, Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation by the Deputy Director, Division of Drug Marketing, Advertising, and Communications from the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm115206.htm
   Google Scholar
• Park , J. , & Grow , J. ( 2008 ). The social reality of depression: DTC advertising of antidepressants and perceptions of the prevalence and lifetime risk of depression . Journal of Business Ethics , 79 , 379 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , B. J. , & Delene , L. M. ( 1998 ). Direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising: Content analysis and public policy implications . Health Affairs , 12 , 27 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Perrault , W. D. , & Leigh , L. E. ( 1989 ). Reliability of nominal data based on qualitative judgments . Journal of Marketing Research , 26 , 135 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pharmaceutical Executive . ( 2005 ). Guiding principles: Direct to consumer advertisements about prescription medications. Retrieved from http://www.roche.com/dtcguidingprinciples.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pharmaceutical Executive . ( 2009 ). Ad spend dips; Pharma pulls back on media as wallets get thinner. Pharmaceutical Executive, 18, 13.
   Google Scholar
• Pratt , L. A. , & Brody , D. J. ( 2008 ). Depression in the United States household population, 2005–2006 . NCHS Data Brief , 7 , 1 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ratzan , S. ( 2004 ). A realistic goal? Health information for all by 2015 . Journal of Health Communication , 9 , 487 – 489 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth , M. S. ( 1996 ). Patterns in direct-to-consumer prescription drug print advertising and their public policy implications . Journal of Public Policy & Marketing , 15 , 63 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royne , M. B. , & Myers , S. D. (2008). Recognizing consumer issues in DTC pharmaceutical advertising. Journal of Consumer Affairs , 42, 60–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rust , R. T. , & Cooil , B. ( 1994 ). Reliability measures for qualitative data: Theory and implications . Journal of Marketing Research , 31 , 1 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schommer , J. C. , Doucette , W. R. , & Mehta , B. H. ( 1998 ). Rote learning after exposure to a direct-to-consumer television advertisement for a prescription drug . Clinical Therapeutics , 20 , 617 – 632 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , L. M. , Woloshin , S. , & Welch , H. G. ( 2009 ). Using a drug facts box to communicate drug benefits and harms . Annals of Internal Medicine , 150 , 516 – 527 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viera , A. J. , & Garrett , J. M. ( 2005 ). Understanding interobserver agreement: The kappa statistic . Family Medicine , 37 , 360 – 363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickens , C. D. ( 1992 ). Engineering psychology and human performance () , 2nd ed. . New York : HarperCollins .
   Google Scholar
• Wickens , C. D. , & Carswell , C. M. ( 1995 ). The proximity compatibility principle: Its psychological foundation and relevance to display design . Human Factors , 37 , 473 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wogalter , M. S. , Smith-Jackson , T. L. , Mills , B. J. , & Paine , C. S. ( 2002 ). The effects of print format in direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertisements on risk knowledge and preference . Drug Information Journal , 36 , 693 – 705 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodcock , J. ( 2009 ). Regulating prescription drug promotion. Congressional testimony by the Director of Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Senate Special Committee on Aging. 2003. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm115080.htm
   Google Scholar
• Yan , J. ( 2009 ). DTC ad guidelines tighten, but Congress may want more. Psychiatric News, 44, 8.
   Google Scholar
• Young , S. L. , & Wogalter , M. S. ( 1990 ). Comprehension and memory of instruction manual warnings: Conspicuous print and pictorial icons . Human Factors , 32 , 637 – 649 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar