How Media Campaigns Influence Children's Physical Activity: Expanding the Normative Mechanisms of the Theory of Planned Behavior

References

• Ajzen , I. ( 1991 ). The theory of planned behavior . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 50 , 179 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage , C. J. ( 2005 ). Can the theory of planned behavior predict the maintenance of physical sctivity? Health Psychology , 24 , 235 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. C. , & Gerbing , D. W. ( 1988 ). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach . Psychological Bulletin , 103 , 441 – 423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews , K. R. , Silk , K. S. , & Eneli , I. U. ( 2010 ). Parents as health promoters: A theory of planned behavior perspective on the prevention of childhood obesity . Journal of Health Communication , 15 , 95 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage , C. J. , & Conner , M. ( 2001 ). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review . British Journal of Social Psychology , 40 , 471 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. ( 1986 ). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 4 , 359 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baranowski , T. , & Jago , R. ( 2005 ). Understanding the mechanisms of change in children's physical activity programs . Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews , 33 , 163 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman , A. , Bowles , H. R. , Huhman , M. , Heizler , C. D. , Owen , N. , Smith , B. J. , & Reger-Nash , B. ( 2008 ). Testing a hierarchy-of-effects model: Pathways from awareness to outcomes in the VERB campaign 2002–2003 . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 34 , S249 – S256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campo , S. , Brossard , D. , Frazer , M. S. , Marchell , T. , Lewis , D. , & Talbot , J. ( 2003 ). Are social norms campaigns really magic bullets? Assessing the effects of students’ misperceptions on drinking behavior . Health Communication , 15 , 481 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini , R. B. ( 2003 ). Crafting normative messages to protect the environment . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 12 , 105 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini , R. B. , Reno , R. R. , & Kallgren , C. A. ( 1990 ). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 58 , 1015 – 1026 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. , & Cohen , P. ( 1975 ). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences . New York , NY : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Conger , A. J. ( 1974 ). A revised definition for suppressor variables: A guide to their identification and interpretation . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 34 , 35 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner , M. , Norman , P. , & Bell , R. ( 2002 ). The theory of planned behavior and healthy eating . Health Psychology , 21 , 194 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darlington , R. B. ( 1968 ). Multiple regression in psychological research and practice . Psychological Bulletin , 69 , 161 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch , M. , & Gerard , H. B. ( 1955 ). A study of the normative and informational influences upon individual judgment . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 51 , 629 – 636 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elek , E. , Miller-Day , M. , & Hecht , M. ( 2006 ). Influences of personal, injunctive, and descriptive norms on early adolescent substance use . Journal of Drug Issues , 36 , 147 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein , M. , & Cappella , J. N. ( 2006 ). The role of theory in developing effective health communications . Journal of Communication , 2 , S1 – S17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles-Corti , B. , & Donovan , R. J. ( 2002 ). The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity . Social Science & Medicine , 54 , 1793 – 1812 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn , C. J. , & Huge , M. E. ( 2007 ). Opinion as norms: Applying a return potential model to the study of communication behaviors . Communication Research , 34 , 548 – 568 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godin , G. , & Kok , G. ( 1996 ). The theory of planned behavior: A review of its applications to health-related behaviors . American Journal of Health Promotion , 11 , 87 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb , N. H. , Gingiss , P. L. , & Weinstein , R. P. ( 1992 ). Attitudes, subjective norms and models of use for smokeless tobacco among college athletes: Implications for prevention and cessation programming . Health Education Research , 7 , 359 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellmich , N. (2010, January 20). Michelle Obama to launch initiative fighting child obesity. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/weightloss/2010-01-20-michelle-obama-obesity_N.htm
   Google Scholar
• Huhman , M. , Bauman , A. , & Bowles , H. R. ( 2008 ). Initial outcomes of the VERB campaign: Teens’ awareness and understanding of campaign messages . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 34 , S241 – S248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huhman , M. , Potter , F. L. , Wong , S. W. , & Banspach , J. C. ( 2005 ). Effects of mass media campaign to increase physical activity among children: Year-1 results of the VERB campaign . Pediatrics , 116 , 277 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine . ( 2009 ). Report brief: Local government actions to prevent childhood obesity . Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jessor , R. , & Jessor , S. L. ( 1977 ). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth . New York , NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jöreskog , K. G. , & Sörbom , D. ( 1996 ). LISREL 8: User's reference guide . Chicago , IL : Scientific Software International .
   Google Scholar
• Kallgren , C. A. , Reno , R. R. , & Cialdini , R. B. ( 2000 ). A focus theory of normative conduct: When norms do and do not affect behavior . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 , 1002 – 1012 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassem , N. O. , Lee , J. W. , Modeste , N. N. , & Johnston , P. K. ( 2003 ). Understanding soft drink consumption among female adolescents using the theory of planned behavior . Health Education Research , 18 , 278 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline , R. B. ( 1998 ). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lapinski , M. K. , & Rimal , R. N. ( 2005 ). An explication of social norms . Communication Theory , 15 , 127 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubans , D. R. , Foste , C. , & Biddle , S. J. H. ( 2008 ). A review of mediators of behavior in interventions to promote physical activity among children and adolescents . Preventive Medicine , 47 , 463 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubans , D. R. , & Sylva , K. ( 2009 ). Mediators of change following a senior school physical activity intervention . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport , 12 , 134 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddison , R. , Hoorn , S. V. , Jiang , Y. , Mhurchu , C. N. , Exeter , D. , Dorey , E. , … Turley , M. ( 2009 ). The environment and physical activity: The influence of psychosocial, perceived and built environmental factors . International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity , 6 . Retrieved from http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/6/1/19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus , B. H. , Owen , N. , Forsyth , L. H. , Cavill , N. A. , & Fridinger , F. ( 1998 ). Physical activity interventions using mass media, print media, and information technology . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 15 , 362 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers , L. S. , Gamst , G. C. , & Guarino , A. J. ( 2006 ). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , G. F. , Moore , L. , & Murphy , S. ( 2009 ). Normative and cognitive correlates of breakfast skipping in 9–11-year-old schoolchildren in Wales . Appetite , 53 , 332 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscovici , S. ( 1985 ). Social influence and conformity . In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology: Special fields and applications (pp. 347 – 412 ). New York , NY : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Norman , P. , Conner , M. , & Bell , R. ( 1999 ). The theory of planned behavior and smoking cessation . Health Psychology , 18 , 89 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Keefe , D. ( 2002 ). Persuasion: Theory and research . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Paek , H.-J. ( 2008 ). Mechanisms through which adolescents attend and respond to antismoking media campaigns . Journal of Communication , 58 , 814 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paek , H.-J. ( 2009 ). Differential effects of different peers: Further evidence of the peer proximity thesis in perceived peer influence on college students’ smoking . Journal of Communication , 59 , 434 – 455 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paek , H.-J. , & Gunther , A. C. (2007). How peer proximity moderates indirect media influence on adolescent smoking. Communication Research , 34, 407–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , H. S. , & Smith , S. W. ( 2007 ). Distinctiveness and influence of subjective norms, personal descriptive and injunctive norms, and societal descriptive and injunctive norms on behavioral intent . Human Communication Research , 33 , 194 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter , L. D. , Judkins , D. R. , Piesse , A. , Nolin , M. J. , & Huhman , M. ( 2008 ). Methodology of the outcome evaluation of the VERB campaign . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 34 , S230 – S240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , S. M. , Huhman , M. , & Potter , L. D. ( 2008 ). Influencing the parents of children aged 9–13 years: Findings from the VERB campaign . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 34 , S267 – S274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal , R. N. , & Real , K. ( 2005 ). How behaviors are influenced by perceived norms: A test of the theory of normative social behavior . Communication Research , 32 , 389 – 414 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romer , D. , & Jamieson , P. ( 2001 ). Advertising smoker imagery, and the diffusion of smoking behavior . In P. Slovic (Ed.), Smoking: Risk, perception, & policy (pp. 127 – 155 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Sallis , J. F. , Prochaska , J. J. , & Taylor , W. C. ( 2000 ). A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 32 , 963 – 975 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons-Morton , B. G. ( 2002 ). Prospective analysis of peer and parent influences on smoking initiation among early adolescents . Prevention Science , 3 , 275 – 283 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snyder , L. B. , Hamilton , M. A. , Mitchell , E. W. , Kiwanuka-Tondo , J. , Fleming-Milici , F. , & Proctor , D. ( 2004 ). A meta-analysis of the effect of mediated health communication campaigns on behavior change in the United States . Journal of Health Communication , 9 , 71 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trost , S. G. , Rosenkranz , R. R. , & Dzewaltowski , D. ( 2007 ). Physical activity levels among children attending after-school programs . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 39 , 622 – 629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health, & Human Services . ( 2010 ). The Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) report: Childhood obesity. Retrieved from http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/child_obesity
   Google Scholar
• Wang , M. Q. , Fitzhugh , E. C. , Westerfield , R. C. , & Eddy , J. M. ( 1995 ). Family and peer influences on smoking-behavior among American adolescents: An age trend . Journal of Adolescent Health , 16 , 200 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapata , L. B. , Bryant , C. A. , McDermott , R. J. , & Hefelfinger , J. A. ( 2008 ). Dietary and physical activity behaviors of middle school youth: The youth physical activity and nutrition survey . Journal of School Health , 78 , 1746 – 1151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar