The Influence of Symbols on the Short-Term Recall of Pharmacy-Generated Prescription Medication Information in a Low Health Literate Sample

References

• Ad Hoc Committee on Health Literacy for the American Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association . ( 1999 ). Health literacy: Report of the council on scientific affairs . JAMA , 281 , 552 – 557 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , T. C. , Keenen , E. M. , Gazmararian , J. A. , & Williams , M. V. ( 2005 ). Literacy testing in health care research . In J. G. Schwartzberg , J. B. VanGeest & C. C. Wang (Eds.), Understanding health literacy (pp. 157 – 179 ). Chicago , IL : American Medical Association .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , T. C. , Long , S. W. , Jackson , R. H. , Mayeaux , E. J. , George , R. B. , Murphy , P. W. , & Crouch , M. A. ( 1993 ). Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine: A shortened screening instrument . Family Medicine , 25 , 391 – 395 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delp , C. , & Jones , J. ( 1996 ). Communicating information to patients: The use of cartoon illustrations to improve comprehension of instructions . Academic Emergency Medicine , 3 , 264 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowse , R. , & Ehlers , M. ( 2003a ). Pharmaceutical programs: Part 1: Communicating medicine information to the low-literate population . South African Pharmaceutical Journal , 70 , 34 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Dowse , R. , & Ehlers , M. ( 2003b ). Pharmaceutical programs: Part 2: Weird and wonderful interpretations . South African Pharmaceutical Journal , 70 , 42 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Dowse , R. , & Ehlers , M. ( 2004 ). Pictograms for conveying medicine instructions: comprehension in various South African language groups . South African Journal of Sciences , 100 , 687 – 693 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowse , R. , & Ehlers , M. ( 2005 ). Medicine labels incorporating pictograms: Do they influence understanding and adherence? Patient Education and Counseling , 58 , 63 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hameen-Antila , K. , Kemppainen , K. , Enlund , H. , Patricia , J. B. , & Marja , A. ( 2004 ). Do pictograms improve children's understanding of medicine leaflet information? Patient Education and Counseling , 55 , 371 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson , E. C. ( 1995 ). Evaluating cognitive services for non-literate and visually impaired patients in community pharmacy rotation sites . American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education , 59 , 48 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson , E. C. , & Hartzema , A. ( 1995 ). Evaluating pictograms as aid for counseling elderly and low-literate patients . Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management , 9 , 41 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Hardie , N. R. , Gagnon , J. P. , & Eckel , F. M. ( 1979 ). Feasibility of symbolic directions on prescription labels . Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy , 13 , 588 – 595 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardin , L. R. ( 2005 ). Counseling patients with low health literacy . American Journal of Health System Pharmacy , 62 , 364 – 365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houts , P. S. , Bachrach , R. , Witmer , J. T. , Tringali , C. A. , Bucher , J. A. , & Localio , R. A. (1998). Using pictographs to enhance recall of spoken medical instructions. Patient Education and Counseling , 35, 83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houts , P. S. , Witmer , J. T. , Egeth , H. E. , Loscalzo , M. J. , & Zabora , J. R. ( 2001 ). Using pictographs to enhance recall of spoken medical instructions II . Patient Education and Counseling , 43 , 231 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassam , R. , Vaillancourt , L. R. , & Collins , J. B. ( 2004 ). Pictographic instructions for medications: Do different cultures interpret them accurately? International Journal of Pharmacy Practice , 12 , 199 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , M. G. , Kripalani , S. , & Weiss , B. D. ( 2006 ). Use of pictorial aids in medication instructions: A review of the literature . American Journal of Health System Pharmacy , 63 , 2391 – 2397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch , I. , Jungeblut , A. , Jenkins , L. , & Kolstad , A. (Eds.) . ( 1993 ). Adult literacy in America: A first look at the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) . Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Education . Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93275.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ley , P. ( 1982 ). Satisfaction, compliance and communication . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 21 , 241 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansoor , L. E. , & Dowse , R. ( 2003 ). Effects of pictograms on readability of patient information materials . The Annals of Pharmacotherapy , 37 , 1003 – 1009 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mika , V. S. , Kelly , P. J. , Price , M. A. , Franquiz , M. , & Villarreal , R. ( 2005 ). The ABCs of health literacy . Family and Community Health , 28 , 351 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow , D. , Hier , C. M. , Menard , W. E. , & Leirer , V. O. ( 1998 ). Icons improve older and younger adults' comprehension of medication information . The Journals of Gerontology: Series B , 52B , 240 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Morrow , D. , Weiner , M. , Young , J. , Steinley , D. , Deer , M. , & Murray , M. D. ( 2005 ). Improving medication knowledge among older adults with heart failure: A patient-centered approach to instruction design . Gerontologist , 45 , 545 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngoh , L. N. , & Shepherd , M. D. ( 1997 ). Design, development, and evaluation of visual aids for communicating prescription drug instructions to nonliterate patients in rural Cameroon . Patient Education and Counseling , 31 , 245 – 261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols-English , G. ( 2000 ). Improving health literacy: A key to better patient outcomes . Dynamics of Pharmaceutical Care , 40 , 475 – 485 .
   Google Scholar
• Paivio , A. ( 1986 ). Mental representations . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Paivio , A. ( 1991 ). Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status . Canadian Journal of Psychology , 45 , 255 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , R. M. , Baker , D. W. , Williams , M. V. , & Nurss , J. R. ( 1995 ). The test of functional health literacy in adults: A new instrument for measuring patient's literacy skills . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 10 , 537 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratzan , S. C. , & Parker , R. M. ( 2000 ). Introduction. In C. R. Selden , M. Zorn , S. C. Ratzan , & R. M. Parker (Eds.) , Current bibliographies in medicine: Health literacy (NIH Publication No. CBM 2000–1; pp. v-vii) . Bethesda , MD : National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20061214/pubs/cbm/hliteracy.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sadoski , M. , & Paivio , A. ( 2001 ). Imagery and text: A dual coding theory of reading and writing . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Safeer , R. S. , & Keenan , J. ( 2005 ). Health literacy: The gap between physicians and patients . American Family Physician , 72 , 463 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansgiry , S. S. , Cady , P. S. , & Adamcik , B. A. ( 1997 ). Consumer comprehension of information on over-the-counter medication labels: Effects of picture superiority and individual differences based on age . Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management , 11 , 63 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Schillinger , D. , Machtinger , E. L. , Wang , F. , Chen , L. , Win , K. , Palacios , J. , …Bindman , A. ( 2005 ). Language, literacy, and communication regarding medication in an anticoagulation clinic: Are pictures better than words? Advances in Patient Safety , 2 , 199 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , T. J. ( 1995 ). Message into medium: An extension of the dual coding hypothesis . In D. G. Beauchamp (Ed.), Imagery and visual literacy: Selected readings from the annual conference of the International Visual Literacy Association (pp. 2 – 10 ). Chicago , IL : International Visual Literacy Association .
   Google Scholar
• Slosson , R. L. (1990). Slosson oral reading test-revised . East Aurora , NY : Slosson Educational Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Sojourner , R. J. , & Wogalter , M. S. ( 1997 ). The influence of pictorials on evaluations of prescription medication instructions . Drug Information Journal , 31 , 963 – 972 .
   Google Scholar
• Sojourner , R. J. , & Wogalter , M. S. ( 1998 ). The influence of pictorials in the comprehension and recall of pharmaceutical safety and warning information . International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics , 2 , 93 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• United States Pharmacopea Convention . ( 1997 ). USP pictograms. Retrieved from http://www.usp.org/audiences/consumers/pictograms
   Google Scholar
• Williams , M. V. , Davis , T. , Parker , R. M. , & Weiss , B. D. ( 2002 ). The role of health literacy in patient–physician communication . Family Medicine , 34 , 383 – 389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youmans , S. L. , & Schillinger , D. ( 2003 ). Functional health literacy and medicine use: The pharmacist's role . The Annals of Pharmacotherapy , 37 , 1726 – 1728 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar