5,305
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
EVIDENCE SUMMIT REVIEW ARTICLES

Caregiver Behavior Change for Child Survival and Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Examination of the Evidence

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , & show all

References

  • Aboud , F. E. ( 2007 ). Evaluation of an early childhood parenting programme in rural Bangladesh . Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition , 25 , 3 – 13 .
  • Aboud , F. E. , & Akhter , S. A. ( 2011 ). A cluster-randomized evaluation of a responsive stimulation and feeding intervention in Bangladesh . Pediatrics , 127 , e1191 – e1197 .
  • Aboud , F. E. , Moore , A. C. , & Akhter , S. A. ( 2008 ). Effectiveness of a community-based responsive feeding programme in rural Bangladesh: A cluster randomized field trial . Maternal and Child Nutrition , 4 , 275 – 286 .
  • Aboud , F. E. , Shafique , S. , & Akhter , S. A. ( 2009 ). A responsive feeding intervention increases children's self-feeding and maternal responsiveness but not weight gain . Journal of Nutrition , 139 , 1738 – 1743 .
  • Affleck , W. , & Pelto , G. ( 2012 ). Caregivers' responses to an intervention to improve young child feeding behaviors in rural Bangladesh: A mixed method study of the facilitators and barriers to change . Social Science & Medicine , 75 , 651 – 658 .
  • Akhter , S. M. , Roy , S. K. , Thakur , S. K. , Sultana , M. , Khatun , W. , Rahman , R. , … Alam , N. ( 2012 ). Effects of third trimester counseling on pregnancy weight gain, birthweight, and breastfeeding among urban poor women in Bangladesh . Food Nutrition Bulletin , 33 , 194 – 201 .
  • Alderman , H. (Ed.) . ( 2011 ). No small matter: The impact of poverty, shocks, and human capital investments in early childhood development . Washington , DC : World Bank .
  • Al-Hassan , S. M. , Obeidat , O. M. , & Lansford , J. E. ( 2010 ). An evaluation of the implementation of public kindergartens in Jordan . In S. B. Thompson (Ed.), Kindergartens: Programs, functions and outcomes (pp. 179 – 190 ). Hauppauge , NY : Nova Science .
  • Aracena , M. , Krause , M. , Pérez , C. , Méndez , M. , Salvatierra , L. , Soto , M. , …  Altimir , C. ( 2009 ). A cost-effectiveness evaluation of a home visit program for adolescent mothers . Journal of Health Psychology , 14 , 878 – 887 .
  • Atanasio , O. , Grantham-McGregor , S. , Fernandez , C. , Fitzsimmons , & Rubio-Codina , M. ( 2013 , June ). Enriching the home environment of low-income families in Colombia: A strategy to promote child development at scale . Early Childhood Matters , 35 – 39 . Retrieved from http://earlychildhoodmagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/8-ECMnr120_Enriching-home-environment.pdf
  • Baker , E. J. , Sanei , L. C. , & Franklin , N. ( 2006 ). Early initiation of and exclusive breastfeeding in large-scale community-based programmes in Bolivia and Madagascar . Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition , 24 , 530 – 539 .
  • Balster , R. L. , Levy , S. , & Stammer , E. ( 2014 ). Evidence acquisition and evaluation for evidence summit on population-level behavior change to enhance child survival and development in low- and middle-income countries . Journal of Health Communication , 19 ( Suppl 1 ), 10 – 24 .
  • Bandura , A. ( 1986 ). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Baqui , A. , Williams , E. K. , Rosecrans , A. M. , Agrawal , P. K. , Ahmed , S. , Darmstadt , G. L. , …  Santosham , M. ( 2008 ). Impact of an integrated nutrition and health programme on neonatal mortality in rural northern India . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 86 , 796 – 804 .
  • Barlow , A , Varipatis-Baker , E. , Speakman , K. , Ginsburg , G. , Friberg , I. , Goklish , N. , …  Walkup , J. (2006). Home-visiting intervention to improve child care among American Indian adolescent mothers: A randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 160, 1101–1107.
  • Barnet , B. , Liu , J. , DeVoe , M. , Duggan , A. , Gold , M. , & Pecukonis , E. ( 2009 ). Motivational intervention to reduce rapid subsequent births to adolescent mothers: A community-based randomized trial . Annals of Family Medicine , 7 , 436 – 445 .
  • Barnett , W. S. ( 2008 ). Preschool education and its lasting effects: Research and policy implications . Boulder , CO : Education and the Public Interest Center & Education. Policy Research Unit . Retrieved from http://epicpolicy.org/publication/preschooleducation
  • Baume , C. A. , & Marin , M. C. ( 2007 ). Intra-household mosquito net use in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, and Zambia: Are nets being used? Who in the household uses them? American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 77 , 963 – 971 .
  • Belsches , T. , Tilly , A. , Miller , T. , Kambeyanda , R. , Leadford , A. , Manasyan , A. , …  Carlo , W. ( 2013 ). Randomized trial of plastic bags to prevent term neonatal hypothermia in a resource-poor setting . Pediatrics , 132 , e656 – e661 .
  • Belsky , J. , & de Haan , M. ( 2010 ). Parenting and children's brain development: The end of the beginning . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 52 , 409 – 428 .
  • Bennett , S. , & Assefi , N. ( 2005 ). School-based teenage pregnancy prevention programs: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials . Journal of Adolescent Health , 36 , 72 – 81 .
  • Bensussen-Walls , W. , & Saewyc , E. M. ( 2001 ). Teen-focused care versus adult-focused care for the high-risk pregnant adolescent: An outcomes evaluation . Public Health Nursing , 8 , 424 – 435 .
  • Bhutta , Z. A. , Bird , S. M. , Black , R. E. , Brown , K. H. , Gardner , J. M. , Hidayat , A. , …  Shankar , A. ( 2000 ). Therapeutic effects of oral zinc in acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries: Pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 72 , 1516 – 1522 .
  • Biermann , J. , Dunlop , A. L. , Brady , C. , Dubin , C. , & Brann , Jr. , A. ( 2006 ). Promising practices in preconception care for women at risk for poor health and pregnancy outcomes . Maternal and Child Health Journal , 10 ( 5 Suppl ), S21 – S28 .
  • Biran , A. , Schmidt , W. P. , Wright , R. , Jones , T. , Seshadri , M. , Isaac , P. , …  Curtis , V. ( 2009 ). The effect of a soap promotion and hygiene education campaign on handwashing behaviour in rural India: A cluster randomised trial . Tropical Medicine and International Health , 14 , 1303 – 1314 .
  • Black , M. M. , Bentley , M. E. , Papas , M. A. , Oberlander , S. , Teti , L. , McNary , S. , …  O'Connell , M. ( 2006 ). Delaying second births among adolescent mothers: A randomized, controlled trial of a home-based mentoring program . Pediatrics , 118 , e1087 – e1099 .
  • Blanton , E. , Ombeki , S. , Oluoch , G. O. , Mwaki , A. , Wannemuehler , K. , & Quick , R. ( 2010 ). Evaluation of the role of school children in the promotion of point of use water: Treatment and handwashing in schools and households—Nyanza Province, Western Kenya, 2007 . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 82 , 664 – 671 .
  • Boo , N. Y. , & Jamli , F. M. ( 2007 ). Short duration of skin-to-skin contact: Effects on growth and breastfeeding . Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health , 43 , 831 – 836 .
  • Bowen , A. , Ma , H. , Ou , J. , Billhimer , W. , Long , T. , Mintz , E. , …  Luby , S. ( 2007 ). A cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of a handwashing-promotion program in Chinese primary schools . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 76 , 1166 – 1173 .
  • Bradley , R. H. , & Corwyn , R. F. ( 2002 ). Socioeconomic status and child development . Annual Review of Psychology , 53 , 371 – 399 .
  • Briere , E. C. , Ryman , T. K. , Cartwright , E. , Russo , E. T. , Wannemuehler , K. A. , Nygren , B. L. , …  Quick , R. ( 2012 ). Impact of integration of hygiene kit distribution with routine immunizations on infant vaccine coverage and water treatment and handwashing practices of Kenyan mothers . Journal of Infectious Diseases , 205 ( Suppl. 1 ), S56 – S64 .
  • Briscoe , C. , & Aboud , F. ( 2012 ). Behaviour change communication targeting four health behaviours in developing countries: A review of change techniques . Social Science & Medicine , 75 , 612 – 621 .
  • Britto , P. R. , Engle , P. L. , & Super , C. M. (2013). Handbook of early childhood development research and its impact on global policy . New York , NY : Oxford University Press.
  • Brown , L. V. , Zeitlin , M. F. , Peterson , K. E. , Chowdhury , A. M. , Rogers , B. L. , Weld , L. H. , & Gershoff , S. N. ( 1992 ). Evaluation of the impact of weaning food messages on infant feeding practices and child growth in rural Bangladesh . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 56 , 994 – 1003 .
  • Caincross , S. , Shordt , K. , Zacharia , S. , & Govindan , B. K. ( 2005 ). What causes sustainable changes in hygiene behaviours? A cross sectional study from Kerala, India . Social Science & Medicine , 61 , 2212 – 2220 .
  • Charpak , N. , Ruiz-Peláez , J. G. , Figueroa de , C. Z. , & Charpak , Y. ( 2001 ). A randomized, controlled trial of kangaroo mother care: Results of follow-up at 1 year of corrected age . Pediatrics , 108 , 1072 – 1079 .
  • Chin , H. B. , Sipe , T. A. , Elder , R. , Mercer , S. L. , Chattopadhyay , S. K. , Jacob , V. , …  Community Preventive Services Task Force . ( 2012 ). The effectiveness of group-based comprehensive risk-reduction and abstinence education interventions to prevent or reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy, human immunodeficiency virus, and sexually transmitted infections: Two systematic reviews for the guide to community preventive services . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 42 , 272 – 294 .
  • Cleland , J. , Conde-Agudelo , A. , Peterson , H. , Ross , J. , & Tsui , A. ( 2012 ). Contraception and health . The Lancet , 380 , 149 – 156 .
  • Conde-Agudelo , A. , Belizan , J. M. , Breman , R. , Brockman , S. C. , & Rosas-Bermudez , A. ( 2005 ). Effect of the interpregnancy interval after an abortion on maternal and perinatal health in Latin America . International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , 89 ( Suppl 1 ), S34 .
  • Conde-Agudelo , A. , Diaz-Rossello , J. L. , & Belizan , J. M. ( 2011 ). Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , 2012 ( 3 ), CD002771 .
  • Cooper , P. J. , Tomlinson , M. , Swartz , L. , Landman , M. , Molteno , C. , Stein , A. , …  Murray , L. ( 2009 ). Improving quality of mother-infant relationship and infant attachment in socioeconomically deprived community in South Africa: Randomised controlled trial . BMJ Online , 338 , 997 .
  • Coreil , J. , & Genece , E. ( 1988 ). Adoption of oral rehydration therapy among Haitian mothers . Social Science and Medicine , 27 , 87 – 96 .
  • Curtis , V. , & Caincross , S. ( 2003 ). Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhea risk in the community . The Lancet Infectious Diseases , 3 , 275 – 81 .
  • Curtis , V. , Kanki , B. , Cousens , S. , Diallo , I. , Kpozehouen , A. , Sangaré , M. , & Nikiema , M. ( 2001 ). Evidence of behaviour change following a hygiene promotion programme in Burkina Faso . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 79 , 518 – 527 .
  • D'Alessandro , U. , Aikins , M. K. , Langerock , P. , Bennet , S. , & Greenwood , B. M. ( 1994 ). Nationwide survey of bednet use in rural Gambia . Bulletin of World Health Organization , 72 , 391 – 394 .
  • Dancy , B. , & DiIorio , C. ( 2011 ). Mothers: The major force in preventing HIV/STD risk behaviors . In W. Pequegnat & C. C. Bell (Eds.), Family and HIV/AIDS: Cultural and contextual issues in prevention and treatment (pp. 121 – 134 ). New York , NY : Springer .
  • Daniel , E. E. , Masilamani , R. , & Rahman , M. ( 2008 ). The effect of community-based reproductive health communication interventions on contraceptive use among young married couples in Bihar, India . International Family Planning Perspectives , 34 , 189 – 197 .
  • Darmstadt , G. L. , Bhutta , Z. A. , Cousens , S. , Adam , T. , Walker , N. , de Bernis , L. , & the Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team . ( 2005 ). Evidence-based, cost-effective interventions: How many newborn babies can we save? [Newborn Survival Series] . The Lancet , 365 , 977 – 988 .
  • Darmstadt , G. L. , Kumar , V. , Yadav , R. , Singh , V. , Singh , P. , Mohanty , S. , …  Santosham , M. ( 2006 ). Introduction of community-based skin-to-skin care in rural Uttar Pradesh, India . Journal of Perinatology , 10 , 597 – 604 .
  • Darmstadt , G. L. , Nawshad Uddin Ahmed , A. S. , Saha , S. K. , Azad Chowdhury , M. A. , Alam , M. A. , Khatun , M. , …  Santosham , M. (2005). Infection control practices reduce nosocomial infections and mortality in preterm infants in Bangladesh. Journal of Perinatology , 25, 331–335.
  • DaVanzo , J. , Hale , L. , Razzaque , A. , & Rahman , M. ( 2007 ). Effects of interpregnancy interval and outcome of the preceding pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes in Matlab, Bangladesh . British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 114 , 1079 – 1087 .
  • Dennis , M. ( 2000 ). Developmental plasticity in children: The role of biological risk development, time and reserve . Journal of Communication Disorders , 33 , 321 – 332 .
  • Deribew , A. , Birhanu , Z. , Sena , L. , Dejene , T. , Reda , A. A. , Sudhakar , M. , …  Deribe , K. ( 2012 ). The effect of household heads training on long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets utilization: A cluster randomized trial in Ethiopia . Malaria Journal , 11 , 11 – 99 .
  • De Zoysa , I. , Carson , D. , Feachem , R. , Linsay-Smith , E. , & Lowenson , R. ( 1984 ). Home-based oral rehydration therapy in rural Zimbabwe . Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 78 , 102 – 105 .
  • Eickmann , S. H. , Lima , A. C. , Guerra , M. Q. , Lima , M. C. , Lira , P. I. , Huttly , S. R. , & Ashworth , A. ( 2003 ). Improved cognitive and motor development in a community-based intervention of psychosocial stimulation in Northeast Brazil . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 45 , 536 – 541 .
  • Eisele , T. , & Root , B. ( 2008 ). Insecticide-treated net use among children and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic review of the evidence . New Orleans , LA : Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health .
  • Elder , J. ( 2001 ). Behavior change and public health in the developing world . Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
  • Elder , J. , Botwe , A. A. , Selby , R. A. , Franklin , N. , & Shaw , W. ( 2011 ). Community trial of insecticide-treated bed net use promotion in southern Ghana: The net use intervention study . Translational Behavioral Medicine , 1 , 341 – 349 .
  • Ellis , A. A. , Winch , P. , Daou , Z. , Gilroy , K. E. , & Swedberg , E. ( 2007 ). Home management of childhood diarrhoea in southern Mali: Implications for the introduction of zinc treatment . Social Science and Medicine , 64 , 701 – 712 .
  • Ene-Obong , H. N. , Iroegbu , C. U. , & Uwaegbute , A. C. ( 2000 ). Perceived causes and management of diarrhoea in young children by market women in Enugu State, Nigeria . Journal of Health Population and Nutrition , 18 , 97 – 102 .
  • Engle , P. L , Fernald , L. C. , Alderman , H. , Behrman , J. , O'Gara , C. , Yousafzai , A. , …  Global Child Development Steering Group . ( 2011 ). Strategies for reducing inequalities and improving developmental outcomes for young children in low-income and middle-income countries . The Lancet , 378 , 1339 – 1353 .
  • Ertem , I. O. , Atay , G. , Bingoler , B. E. , Dogan , D. G. , Bayhan , A. , & Sarica , D. ( 2006 ). Promoting child development at sick-child visits: a controlled trial . Pediatrics , 118 , e124 – e131 .
  • Eymann , A. , Ricciardi , M. , Caprotta , G. , Fustinana , C. , & Jenik , A. ( 2008 ). Changes in infant sleeping position after an educational intervention in a university general hospital during a ten year follow up . Anales de Pediatria , 68 , 244 – 249 .
  • Farnsworth , S. K. , Böse , K. , Fajobi , O. O. , Souza , P. P. , Peniston , A. , Davidson , L. , …  Hodgins , S. ( 2014 ). Community engagement to enhance child survival and early development in low- and middle-income countries: An evidence review . Journal of Health Communication , 19 ( Suppl 1 ), 67 – 88 .
  • Fernald , L. C. , Gertler , P. J. , & Hidrobo , M. ( 2006 ). Conditional Cash Transfer Project: Effects on growth, health, and development in young children . In V. Maholmes & R. B. King (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of poverty and child development . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Fernald , L. C. , Gertler , P. J. , & Neufeld , L. M. ( 2008 ). Role of cash in conditional cash transfer programmes for child health, growth, and development: An analysis of Mexico's Oportunidades . The Lancet , 371 , 828 – 837 .
  • Fernald , L. C. , Gertler , P. J. , & Neufeld , L. M. (2009). 10-year effect of Oportunidades, Mexico's conditional cash transfer programme, on child growth, cognition, language, and behaviour: A longitudinal follow-up study. The Lancet , 374, 1997–2005.
  • Fernald , L. C. , & Hidrobo , M. ( 2011 ). Effect of Ecuador's Cash Transfer Program (Bono de Desarrollo Humano) on child development in infants and toddlers: A randomized effectiveness trial . Social Science & Medicine , 72 , 1437 – 1446 .
  • Fewtrell , L. , Kaufmann , R. B. , Kay , D. , Enanoria , W. , Holler , L. , & Colford , J. M. ( 2005 ). Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis . The Lancet , 5 , 42 – 52 .
  • Fischer , R. L. ( 1997 ). Evaluating the delivery of a teen pregnancy and parenting program across two settings . Research on Social Work and Practice , 7 , 350 – 369 .
  • Fishbein , M. , Bandura , A. , Triandis , H. C. , Kanfer , F. H. , Becker , M. H. , & Middlestadt , S. E. ( 1992 ). Factors influencing behavior and behavior change: Final report—Theorist's workshop . Rockville , MD : National Institute of Mental Health .
  • Forsberg , B. C. , Petzold , M. G. , Tomson , G. , & Allebeck , P. ( 2007 ). Diarrhoea case management in low- and middle-income countries—An unfinished agenda . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 85 , 42 – 48 .
  • Fox , E. , & Obregón , R. ( 2014 ). Population-level behavior change to enhance child survival in low- and middle-income countries . Journal of Health Communication , 19 ( Suppl 1 ), 3 – 9 .
  • Frankel , S. J. , & Lehmann , D. ( 1985 ). Oral rehydration—What mothers think . World Health Forum , 6 , 271 – 273 .
  • Gagnon , A. J. , & Sandall , J. ( 2007 ). Individual or group antenatal education for childbirth or parenthood, or both . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , 2007 ( 3 ), CD002869 .
  • Ganchimeg , T. , Ota , E. , Morisaki , N. , Laopaiboon , M. , Lumbiganon , P. , Zhang , J. , …  Mori , R. ( 2014 ). Pregnancy and childbirth outcomes among adolescent mothers: A WHO multicountry survey on Maternal Newborn Health Research Network . British Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics , 121 ( Suppl 1 ), 40 – 48 .
  • Gertler , P. ( 2000 ). The impact of PROGRESA on health . Washington , DC : International Food Policy Research Institute .
  • Gilliam , M. L. ( 2010 ). Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents . Obstetrics & Gynecology , 115 , 171 – 172 .
  • Grantham-McGregor , S. , Schofield , W. , & Powell , C. ( 1987 ). Development of severely malnourished children who received psychosocial stimulation: Six-year follow-up . Pediatrics , 79 , 247 – 254 .
  • Grantham-McGregor , S. M. , Powell , C. A. , Walker , S. P. , & Himes , J. H. ( 1991 ). Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulation, and mental development of stunted children: The Jamaican study . Lancet , 338 , 1 – 5 .
  • Grantham-McGregor , S. , Cheung , Y. B. , Cueto , S. , Glewwe , P. , Richter , L. , & Strupp , B. ( 2007 ). Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries . The Lancet , 369 , 60 – 70 .
  • Gray , S. , Sheeder , J. , O' Brien , R. , & Stevens-Simon , C. ( 2006 ). Having the best intentions is necessary but not sufficient: What would increase the efficacy of home visiting for preventing second teen pregnancies? Prevention Science , 7 , 389 – 395 .
  • Green , E. C. ( 1986 ). Diarrhea and the social marketing of oral rehydration salts in Bangladesh . Social Science and Medicine , 23 , 357 – 66 .
  • Green , C. P. ( 1999 ). Interventions to improve breastfeeding behaviors: Detailed summaries of 51 studies . Washington , DC : USAID Linkages Project .
  • Haggerty , P. , Muladi , K. , Kirkwood , B. R. , Ashworth , A. , & Manunebo , M. ( 1994 ). Community-based hygiene education to reduce diarrhoeal disease in rural Zaire: Impact of the intervention on diarrhoeal morbidity . International Journal of Epidemiology , 23 , 1050 – 1059 .
  • Hamadani , J. D. , Huda , S. N. , Khatun , F. , & Grantham-McGregor , S. M. (2006). Psychosocial stimulation improves the development of undernourished children in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Nutrition , 136, 2645–52.
  • Imdad , A. , Mullany , L. C. , Baqui , A. H. , Shams El Arifeen , S. , Tielsch , J. M. , Khatry , S. K. , …  Bhutta , Z. A. ( 2013 ). The effect of umbilical cord cleansing with chlorhexidine on omphalitis and neonatal mortality in community settings in developing countries: A meta-analysis . BMC Public Health , 13 ( Suppl 3 ), S15 .
  • Issler , R. M. , Marostica , P. J. , & Giugliani , E. R. ( 2009 ). Infant sleep position: A randomized clinical trial of an educational intervention in the maternity ward in Porto Alegre, Brazil . Birth , 36 , 115 – 121 .
  • Janssens , W. , & Rosemberg , C. ( 2011 ). The impact of a home-visiting early childhood intervention in the Caribbean on cognitive and socio-emotional child development . Amsterdam , The Netherlands : Amsterdam Institute for International Development .
  • Jennings , L. , Yebadokpo , A. S. , Affo , J. , & Agbogbe , M. ( 2010 ). Antenatal counseling in maternal and newborn care: Use of job aids to improve health worker performance and maternal understanding in Benin . BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth , 10 ( 75 ), 10 – 75 .
  • Jin , X. , Sun , Y. , Jiang , F. , Ma , J. , Morgan , C. , & Shen , X. ( 2007 ). Care for development intervention in rural China: A prospective follow-up study . Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 28 , 213 – 218 .
  • Jones , G. , Steketee , R. W. , Black , R. E. , Bhutta , Z. A. , Morris , S. S. , & the Bellagio Child Survival Study Group . ( 2003 ). How many child deaths can we prevent this year? The Lancet , 362 , 65 – 71 .
  • Jones , M. E. , & Mondy , L. W. ( 1990 ). Prenatal education outcomes for pregnant adolescents and their infants using trained volunteers . Journal of Adolescent Health Care , 11 , 437 – 444 .
  • Jousilahti , P. , Madkour , S. M. , Lambrechts , T. , & Sherwin , E. ( 1997 ). Diarrhoel disease morbidity and home treatment practices in Egypt . Public Health , 11 , 5 – 10 .
  • Kagitcibasi , C. ( 2009 ). Continuing effects of early enrichment in adult life: The Turkish Early Enrichment Project 22 years later . Journal of Applied Psychology , 30 , 764 – 779 .
  • Kariuki , J. G. , Magambo , K. J. , Njeruh , M. F. , Muchiri , E. M. , Nzioka , S. M. , & Kariuki , S. ( 2012 ). Changing mother's hygiene and sanitation practices in resource constrained communities: Case study of Turkana District, Kenya . Journal of Community Health , 37 , 1185 – 1191 .
  • Katz , K. S. , Rodan , M. , Milligan , R. , Tan , S. , Courtney , L. , Gantz , M. , …  Subramanian , S. ( 2011 ). Efficacy of a randomized cell phone-based counseling intervention in postponing subsequent pregnancy among teen mothers . Maternal & Child Health Journal , 15 ( Suppl 1 ), S42 – S53 .
  • Keating , D. P. , & Hertzman , C. (Eds.) . ( 1999 ). Developmental health and the wealth of nations: Social, biological and educational dynamics . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
  • Key , J. , Barbosa , G. A. , & Owens , V. J. ( 2001 ). The Second Chance Club: Repeat adolescent pregnancy prevention with a school-based intervention . Journal of Adolescent Health , 28 , 167 – 169 .
  • Key , J. , Gebregziabher , M. G. , Marsh , L. D. , & O'Rourke , K. M. ( 2008 ). Effectiveness of an intensive, school-based intervention for teen mothers . Journal of Adolescent Health , 42 , 394 – 400 .
  • Kirby , D. B. , Laris , B. A. , & Rolleri , L. A. ( 2007 ). Sex and HIV education programs: Their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world . Journal of Adolescent Health , 40 , 206 – 217 .
  • Kitzman , H. , Olds , D. L. , Henderson , C. R. , Jr. , Hanks , C. , Cole , R. , Tatelbaum , R. , …  Barnard , K. ( 1997 ). Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childhood injuries, and repeated childbearing: A randomized controlled trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 278 , 644 – 652 .
  • Kitzman , H. , Olds , D. L. , Sidora , K. , Henderson , Jr. , C. R. , Hanks , C. , Cole , R. , …  Gazner , J. ( 2000 ). Enduring effects of nurse home visitation on maternal life course: A 3-year follow-up of a randomized trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 283 , 1983 – 1989 .
  • Klebanov , P. K. , Brooks-Gunn , J. , & Duncan , G. J. (1994). Does neighborhood and family poverty affect mothers' parenting, mental health, and social support? Journal of Marriage and Family , 56, 441–454.
  • Klein , P. S. , & Rye , H. ( 2004 ). Interaction-oriented Early Intervention in Ethiopia The MISC Approach . Infants and Young Children , 17 , 340 – 354 .
  • Kramer , M. S. , Chalmers , B. , Hodnett , E. D. , Sevkovskaya , Z. , Dzikovich , I. , Shapiro , S. , …  Helsing , E. ( 2001 ). Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT): A randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus . JAMA , 285 , 413 – 420 .
  • Langsten , R. , & Hill , K. ( 1995 ). Treatment of childhood diarrhea in rural Egypt . Social Science Medicine , 40 , 989 – 1001 .
  • Lawn , J. E. , Cousens , S. , Zupan , J. , & The Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team . ( 2005 ). 4 million neonatal deaths: When? Where? Why? The Lancet , 365 , 891 – 900 .
  • Leadford , A. E. , Warren , J. B. , Manasyan , A. , Chomba , E. , Salas , A. A. , Schelonka , R. , & Carlo , W. A. ( 2013 ). Plastic bags for prevention of hypothermia in preterm and low birth weight infants . Pediatrics , 132 , e128 – e134 .
  • Lee-Rife , S. , Malhotra , A. , Warner , A. , & Glinski , A. M. ( 2012 ). What works to prevent child marriage: A review of the evidence . Studies in Family Planning , 43 , 287 – 303 .
  • Lengeler , C. ( 2004 ). Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains for preventing malaria . Cochrane Library , 2004 ( 2 ), CD000363 .
  • Leung , C. , Sanders , M. R. , Leung , S. , Mak , R. , & Lau , J. ( 2003 ). An outcome evaluation of the implementation of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program in Hong Kong . Family Process , 42 , 531 – 44 .
  • Le Roux , I. M. , Tomlinson , M. , Harwood , J. M. , O'Connor , M. J. , Worthman , C. M. , Mbewu , N. , …  Rotheram-Borus , M. J. ( 2013 ). Outcomes of home visits for pregnant mothers and their infants: A cluster randomized controlled trial . AIDS , 27 , 1461 – 1471 .
  • Li , H. W. , Lo , S. S. , & Ho , P. C. ( 2014 ). Emergency contraception. Best practices and research . Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology . doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.04.011
  • Liu , L. , Johnson , H. L. , Cousens , S. , Perin , J. , Scott , S. , Lawn , J. E. , …  Black , R. E. ( 2012 ). Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: An updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000 . The Lancet , 379 , 2151 – 2161 .
  • Lozoff , B. , Smith , J. B. , Clark , K. M. , Perales , C. G. , Rivera , F. , & Castillo , M. ( 2010 ). Home intervention improves cognitive and social-emotional scores in iron deficient anemic infants . Pediatrics , 126 , e884 – e894 .
  • Luby , S. P. , Halder , A. , Huda , T. , Unicomb , L. , & Johnston , R. ( 2011 ). The effect of handwashing at recommended times with water alone and with soap on child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: An observational study . PLOS Medicine , 8 ( 6 ), e1001052 .
  • Luby , S. P. , Aeboatwalla , M. , Bowen , A. , Kenah , E. , Sharker , Y. , & Hoekstra , R. M. ( 2009 ). Difficulties in maintaining improved handwashing behavior, Karachi, Pakistan . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 81 , 140 – 145 .
  • Luby , S. P. , Agboatwalla , M. , Feikin , D. R. , Painter , J. , Billhimer , W. , Altaf , A. , & Hoekstra , R. M. ( 2005 ). Effect of handwashing on child health: A randomised controlled trial . The Lancet , 366 , 225 – 233 .
  • Luby , S. P. , Kadir , M. A. , Sharker , M. A. , Farzana , Y. , Unicomb , L. , & Islam , M. S. ( 2010 ). A community-randomised controlled trial promoting waterless hand sanitizer and handwashing with soap, Dhaka, Bangladesh . Tropical Medicine and International Health , 15 , 1508 – 1516 .
  • Macintyre , K. , Keating , J. , Yohannes , B. , Okbaldt , M. Z. , Sosler , S. , Tewolde , G. , & Eisele , T. P. ( 2006 ). Rolling out insecticide treated nets in Eritrea: Examining the determinants of possession and use in malarious zones during the rainy season . Tropical Medicine and International Health , 11 , 824 – 833 .
  • Macours , K. , Schady , N. , & Vakis , R. ( 2012 ). Cash transfers, behavioral changes, and cognitive development in early childhood: Evidence from a randomized experiment . American Economic Journal: Applied Economics , 4 , 247 – 273 .
  • Mahomes , V. , Fluke , J. D. , Rinehardt , R. D. , & Huebner , G. (2012). Protecting children outside of family care in low and middle income countries: What does the evidence say? Child Abuse & Neglect , 26, 685–688.
  • Martínez , H. , & Saucedo , G. ( 1991 ). Mothers' perceptions about childhood diarrhoea in rural Mexico . Journal of Diarrhoeal Disesease and Research , 9 , 235 – 243 .
  • Meegan , M. E. , Conroy , R. M. , Lengeny , S. O. , Renhault , K. M. , & Nyangole , J. ( 2001 ). Effect on neonatal tetanus mortality after a culturally-based health promotion programme . The Lancet , 358 , 640 – 641 .
  • Monte , C. M. , Ashworth , A. , Nations , M. K. , Lima , A. A. , Barreto , A. , & Huttly , S. R. ( 1997 ). Designing educational messages to improve weaning food hygiene practices of families living in poverty . Social Science & Medicine , 44 , 1453 – 1464 .
  • Mugisha , F. , & Arinaitwe , J. ( 2003 ). Sleeping arrangements and mosquito net use among under fives: Results from the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey . Malaria Journal , 2 ( 1 ), 40 .
  • Mull , J. D. , & Mull , D. S. ( 1988 ). Mothers' concepts of childhood diarrhea in rural Pakistan: What ORT program planners should know . Social Science and Medicine , 27 , 53 – 67 .
  • Myers , R. G. ( 1992 ). The twelve who survive: Strengthening programmes of early childhood development in the Third World . London , England : Routledge .
  • Nahar , B. , Hossain , M. I. , Hamadani , J. D. , Ahmed , T. , Huda , S. N. , Grantham-McGregor , S. M. , & Persson , L. A. ( 2012 ). Effects of a community-based approach of food and psychosocial stimulation on growth and development of severely malnourished children in Bangladesh: A randomized trial . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 66 , 701 – 709 .
  • Naugle , D. , & Hornik , R. C. ( 2014 ). Systematic review of the effectiveness of mass media interventions for child survival in low- and middle-income countries . Journal of Health Communication , 19 ( Suppl 1 ), 190 – 215 .
  • Nowak , C. , & Heinrichs , N. ( 2008 ). A comprehensive meta-analysis of Triple P-Positive Parenting Program using hierarchical linear modeling: Effectiveness and moderating variables . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 11 ( 3 ), 114 – 144 .
  • Olds , D. L. , Eckenrode , J. , Henderson , Jr. , C. R. , Kitzman , H. , Powers , J. , Colem , R. , …  Luckeym , D. ( 1997 ). Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect. Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial . JAMA , 278 , 637 – 643 .
  • Olds , D. L. , Henderson , Jr. , C. R. , Tatelbaum , R. , & Chamberlin , R. ( 1988 ). Improving the life-course development of socially disadvantaged mothers: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation . American Journal of Public Health , 78 , 1436 – 1445 .
  • Olds , D. L. , Robinson , J. , O'Brien , R. , Luckey , D. W. , Pettitt , L. M. , Henderson , Jr. , C. R. , …  Talmi , A. ( 2002 ). Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: A randomized, controlled trial . Pediatrics , 110 , 486 – 496 .
  • Olds , D. L. , Kitzman , H. , Cole , R. , Robinson , J. , Sidora , K. , Luckey , D. W. , …  Holmberg , J. ( 2004 ). Effects of nurse home-visiting on maternal life course and child development: Age 6 follow-up results of a randomized trial . Pediatrics , 114 , 1550 – 1559 .
  • Omer , K. , Mhatre , S. , Ansari , N. , Laucirica , J. , & Andersson , N. ( 2008 ). Evidence-based training of frontline health workers for door-to-door health promotion: A pilot randomized controlled cluster trial with lady health workers in Sindh Province, Pakistan . Patient Education and Counseling , 72 , 178 – 185 .
  • Oringanje , C. , Meremikwu , M. M. , Eko , H. , Esu , E. , Meremikwu , A. , & Ehiri , J. E. ( 2009 ). Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents . Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews . doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005215.pub2
  • O'Sullivan , A. L. , & Jacobsen , B. S. ( 1992 ). A randomized trial of a health care program for first-time adolescent mothers and their infants . Nursing Research , 41 , 210 – 215 .
  • Pablos-Méndez , A. , & Fox , E. ( 2012 ). Enhancing child survival and development in lower- and middle-income countries by achieving population-level behavior change . Journal of Health Communication , 17 , 1117 – 1118 .
  • Palti , H. , Zilber , N. , & Kark , S. L. (1982). A community-orientated early intervention programme integrated in a primary preventive child health service—Evaluation of activities and effectiveness. Journal of Public Health , 4, 302–314.
  • Pandey , P. , Sehgal , A. R. , Riboud , M. , Levine , D. , & Goyal , M. ( 2007 ). Informing resource-poor populations and the delivery of entitled health and social services in rural India: A cluster randomized controlled trial . JAMA , 298 , 1867 – 1875 .
  • Paredes , P. , de La Pena , M. , Flores-Guerra , E. , Diaz , J. , & Trostle , J. ( 1996 ). Factors influencing physicians' prescribing behavior in the treatment of childhood diarrhea: Knowledge may not be the clue . Social Science Medicine , 42 , 1141 – 1153 .
  • Parker , A. A. , Stephenson , R. , Riley , P. L. , Ombeki , S. , Komolleh , C. , Sibley , L. , & Quick , R. ( 2006 ). Sustained high levels of stored drinking water treatment and retention of hand-washing knowledge in rural Kenyan households following a clinic-based intervention . Epidemiology & Infection , 134 , 1029 – 1036 .
  • Partnership for Maternal Newborn, & Child Health . ( 2011 ). A global review of the key interventions related to reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health . Geneva , Switzerland : Author . Retrieved from http://www.who.int/pmnch/knowledge/publications/201112_essential_interventions/en
  • Paxson , C. , & Schady , N. ( 2005 ). Cognitive development among young children in Ecuador: The roles of wealth, health and parenting . Washington , DC : World Bank . doi: 10.1596/1813-9450-3605
  • Paxson , C. , & Schady , N. ( 2007 ). Cognitive development among young children in Ecuador: The roles of wealth, health, and parenting . Journal of Human Resources , 42 , 49 – 84 .
  • Peairson , S. , Berghout Austin , A. M. , de Aquino , C. N. , & de Burro , E. U. ( 2008 ). Cognitive development and home environment of rural Paraguayan infants and toddlers participating in Pastoral del Niño, an early child development program . Journal of Research in Childhood Education , 22 , 343 – 362 .
  • Pequegnat , W. ( 2011 ). Family and HIV/AIDS: First line of health promotion and disease prevention (pp. 3–46) . In W. Pequegnat & C. C. Bell (Eds.), Family and HIV/AIDS: Cultural and contextual issues in prevention and treatment . New York , NY : Springer .
  • Pinfold , J. V. , & Horan , N. J. ( 1996 ). Measuring the effect of a hygiene behaviour intervention by indicators of behaviour and diarrhoeal disease . Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 90 , 366 – 371 .
  • Potterton , J. , Stewart , A. , Cooper , P. , & Becker , P. ( 2010 ). The effect of a basic home stimulation programme on the development of young children infected with HIV . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 52 , 547 – 551 .
  • Powell , C. ( 2004 ). An evaluation of the Roving Caregivers Programme of the Rural Family Support Organization, May Pen, Clarendon, Jamaica . Kingston , Jamaica : UNICEF .
  • Powell , C. , & Grantham-McGregor , S. ( 1989 ). Home visiting of varying frequency and child development . Pedatrics , 84 , 157 – 164 .
  • Qazi , S. A. , Khan , A. , Rizvi , T. , Zhatoon , Z. , & Peterson , K. E. ( 2003 ). Longitudinal growth patterns of Pakistani infants in a clinic-based growth promotion program . Indian Pediatrics , 40 , 1043 – 1053 .
  • Rotheram-Borus , M. J. , Lee , S.-J. , Amani , B. , & Swendeman , D. ( 2011 ). Adaptation of interventions for families affected by HIV . In W. Pequegnat & C. C. Bell (Eds.), Family and HIV/AIDS: Cultural and contextual issues in prevention and treatment (pp. 281 – 302 ). New York , NY : Springer .
  • Rotheram-Borus , M. J. , Le Roux , I. M. , Tomlinson , M. , Mbewu , N. , Comulada , W. S. , Le Roux , K. , & Swendeman , D. ( 2011 ). Philani Plus (+): A mentor mother community health worker home visiting program to improve maternal and infants' outcomes . Prevention Science , 12 , 372 – 388 .
  • Rotheram-Borus , M. J. , Swendeman , D. , Flannery , D. , Rice , E. , Adamson , D. M. , & Ingram , B. ( 2009 ). Common factors in effective HIV preventionp . AIDS and Behavior , 13 , 399 .
  • Ruiz-Peláez , J. G. , Charpak , N. , & Cuervo , L. G. (2004). Kangaroo Mother Care, an example to follow from developing countries. BMJ , 329, 1179–1181.
  • Rutstein , S. ( 2008 ). Further evidence of the effects of preceding birth intervals on neonatal, infant, and under-five-years mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: Evidence from the demographic and health surveys . Calverton , MD : United States Agency for International Development . Retrieved from http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/WP41/WP41.pdf
  • Ruxin , J. N. ( 1994 ). Magic bullet: The history of oral rehydration therapy . Medical History , 38 , 363 – 397 .
  • Sant'Anna , M. J. , Carvalho , K. A. , Melhado , A. , Coates , V. , & Omar , H. A. ( 2007 ). Teenage pregnancy: Impact of the integral attention given to the pregnant teenager and adolescent mother as a protective factor for repeat pregnancy . The Scientific World Journal , 7 , 187 – 194 .
  • Saowakontha , S. , Pongpaew , P. , Vudhivai , N. , Tungtrongchitr , R. , Sanchaisuriya , P. , Mahaweerawat , U. , & Schelp , F. P. ( 2000 ). Promotion of the health of rural women towards safe motherhood: An intervention project in northeast Thailand . The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health , 31 , 5 – 21 .
  • Schaffer , M. A. , Jost , R. , Pederson , B. J. , & Lair , M. ( 2008 ). Pregnancy-free club: A strategy to prevent repeat adolescent pregnancy . Public Health Nursing , 25 , 304 – 311 .
  • Schreiber , C. A. , Ratcliffe , S. J. , & Barnhart , K. T. ( 2010 ). A randomized controlled trial of the effect of advanced supply of emergency contraception in postpartum teens: A feasibility study . Contraception , 81 , 435 – 440 .
  • Scott , B. E. , Schmidt , W. P. , Aunger , R. , Garbrah-Aidoo , N. , & Animashaun , R. ( 2007 ). Marketing hygiene behaviours: The impact of different communication channels on reported handwashing behaviour of women in Ghana . Health Education Research , 23 , 392 – 401 .
  • Seitz , V. , & Apfel , N. H. ( 1993 ). Adolescent mothers and repeated childbearing: Effects of a school-based intervention program . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 63 , 572 – 581 .
  • Senarath , U. , Fernando , D. N. , & Rodrigo , I. ( 2007 ). Effect of training for care providers on practice of essential newborn care in hospitals in Sri Lanka . Journal of Obstetetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing , 36 , 531 – 541 .
  • Serrano , M. S. , Doren , F. M. , & Wilson , L. ( 2010 ). Teaching Chilean mothers to massage their full-term infants: Effects on maternal breast-feeding and infant weight gain at age 2 and 4 months . Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing , 24 , 172 – 179 .
  • Shaaban , O. M. , Hassen , S. G. , Nour , S. A. , Kames , M. A. , & Yones , E. M. ( 2013 ). Emergency contraceptive pills as a backup for lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) of contraception: A randomized controlled trial . Contraception , 87 , 363 – 369 .
  • Shonkoff , J. P. , & Garner , A. S. ( 2012 ). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress . Pediatrics , 129 , 232 – 246 .
  • Shonkoff , J. P. , Richter , L. , van der Gaag , J. , & Bhutta , Z. A. ( 2012 ). An integrated scientific framework for child survival and early childhood development . Pediatrics , 129 , e460 – e472 .
  • Sidibeh , L. ( 2009 ). Evaluation of the Parental Education Programme at LRR, CRR & URR, the Gambia . Washington , DC : UNICEF . Retrieved from http://www.globalchilddevelopment.com/2014/01/evaluation-of-the-parental-education-programme-at-lrr-crr-urr-the-gambia-unicef
  • Silverman , J. G. , Decker , M. R. , Gupta , J. , Kapur , N. , Raj , A. , & Naved , R. T. ( 2009 ). Maternal experiences of intimate partner violence and child morbidity in Bangladesh: Evidence from a national Bangladeshi sample . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 163 , 700 – 705 .
  • Silverman , J. G. , Decker , M. R. , Raj , A. , Cheng , D. M. , McCauley , H. L. , Wirth , K. , …  Saggurti , N. ( 2011 ). Gender-based disparities in infant and child mortality based on maternal exposure to husband violence: The heavy burden borne by Indian girls . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , 165 , 22 – 27 .
  • Silverman , J. G. , Decker , M. R. , Reed , E. , & Raj , A. (2006). Intimate partner violence victimization prior to and during pregnancy among women residing in 26 U.S. states: Associations with maternal and neonatal health. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 195, 140–148.
  • Skinner , B. F. ( 1953 ). Science and human behavior . New York , NY : Macmillan .
  • Solomon , R. , & Liefeld , C. P. ( 1998 ). Effectiveness of a family support center approach to adolescent mothers: Repeat pregnancy and school drop-out rates . Family Relations , 47 , 139 – 144 .
  • Spiby , H. , McCormick , F. , Wallace , L. , Renfrew , M. J. , D'Souza , L. , & Dyson , L. ( 2009 ). A systematic review of education and evidence-based practice interventions with health professionals and breast feeding counsellors on duration of breast feeding . Midwifery , 25 ( 1 ), 50 – 61 .
  • Stanton , B. , Black , R. , Engle , P. , & Peltro , G. ( 1992 ). Theory-driven behavioral intervention research for the control of diarrheal diseases . Social Science & Medicine , 35 , 1405 – 1420 .
  • Stanton , B. , Clemens , J. D. , Khair , T. , Khatun , K. , & Jahan , D. A. ( 1987 ). An educational intervention for altering water-sanitation behaviors to reduce childhood diarrhea in urban Bangladesh: Formulation, preparation and delivery of educational intervention . Social Science & Medicine , 14 , 275 .
  • Stevens-Simon , C. , Kelly , L. , & Kulick , R. ( 2001 ). A village would be nice but … it takes a long-acting contraceptive to prevent repeat adolescent pregnancies . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 21 , 60 – 65 .
  • Stevens-Simon , C. , Kelly , L. , & Singer , D. ( 1999 ). Preventing repeat adolescent pregnancies with early adoption of the contraceptive implant . Family Planning Perspectives , 31 ( 2 ), 88 – 93 .
  • Sulzer-Azaroff , B. , & Mayer , G. R. ( 1992 ). Behavior analysis for lasting change . Fort Worth , TX : Harcourt Brace .
  • Super , C. M. , Herrera , M. G. , & Mora , J. O. ( 1990 ). Long-term effects of food supplementation and psychosocial intervention on the physical growth of Colombian infants at risk of malnutrition . Child Development , 61 , 29 – 49 .
  • Susin , L. R. , & Giugliani , E. R. ( 2008 ). Inclusion of fathers in an intervention to promote breastfeeding: Impact on breastfeeding rates . Journal of Human Lactation , 24 , 386 – 392 .
  • Tinajero , A. R. ( 2010 ). Scaling-up early child development in Cuba—Cuba's Educate Your Child Program: Strategies and lessons from the expansion process . Working paper 16. Wolfensohn Center for Development at Brookings. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2010/04/child-development-cuba-tinajero
  • Trivette , C. M. , Dunst , C. J. , & Hamby , D. W. ( 2010 ). Influences of family-systems intervention practices on parent–child interactions and child development . Topics in Early Childhood Special Education , 30 , 3 – 19 .
  • United Nations . ( 2012 ). The Millenium Development Goals Report, 2012 . New York , NY : Author . Retrieved from http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202012.pdf
  • UNICEF . ( 2012a ). Progress report on Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed . New York , NY : Author . Retrieved from http://www.apromiserenewed.org
  • UNICEF . ( 2012b ). The state of the world's children 2012: Children in an urban world . New York , NY : Author . Retrieved from: http://www.unicef.org/sowc2012/fullreport.php
  • UNICEF . ( 2013 ). Care for Development Package . New York , NY : Author . Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/earlychildhood/index_68195.html
  • USAID . ( 1988 ). Child survival: A third report to Congress on the USAID program . Washington , DC : Author .
  • U.S. Congress . ( 1988 ). Healthy children: Investing in the future . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office .
  • Vazir , S. , Engle , P. , Balakrishna , N. , Griffiths , P. L. , Johnson , S. L. , Creed-Kanashiro , H. , …  Bentley , M. E. (2013). Cluster-randomized trial on complementary and responsive feeding education to caregivers found improved dietary intake, growth and development among rural Indian toddlers. Maternal & Child Nutrition , 9, 99–117.
  • Vélez , L. F. , Sanitato , M. , Barry , D. , Alilio , M. , Apfel , M. , Coe , G. , …  Vorkoper , S. ( 2014 ). The role of health systems and policy in producing behavior and social change to enhance child survival and development in low- and middle-income countries: An examination of the evidence . Journal of Health Communication , 19 ( Suppl 1 ), 89 – 121 .
  • Victoria , C. G. , Bryce , J. , Fontaine , O. , & Monasch , R. ( 2000 ). Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 78 , 1246 – 1255 .
  • Vindigni , S. M. , Riley , P. L. , & Jhung , M. ( 2011 ). Systematic review: Handwashing behavior in low-to middle-income countries: Outcome measures and behavior maintenance . Tropical Medicine and International Health , 16 , 466 – 477 .
  • Waber , D. P. , Vuori-Christiansen , L. , Ortiz , N. , Clement , J. R. , Christiansen , N. E. , Mora , J. O. , …  Herrera , M. G. ( 1981 ). Nutritional supplementation, maternal education, and cognitive development of infants at risk of malnutrition . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 34 , 807 – 813 .
  • Walker , S. P. , & Chang , S. ( 2013 , June ). Effectiveness of parent support programmes in enhancing learning in the under-3 age group . Early Childhood Matters Magazine , 45 – 49 . Retrieved from http://www.earlychildhoodmagazine.org/Effectiveness-of-parent-support-programmes-in-enhancing-learning-in-the-under-3-age-group
  • Walker , S. P. , Chang , S. M. , Powell , C. A. , & Baker-Henningham , H. ( 2012 ). Building human capacity through early childhood interventions: The Child Development Research Programme at the Tropical Medicine Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica . West Indian Medical Journal , 61 , 316 – 322 .
  • Walker , S. P. , Chang , S. M. , Powell , C. A. , & Grantham-McGregor , S. M. ( 2004 ). Psychosocial intervention improves the development of term low-birth-weight infants . Journal of Nutrition , 134 , 1417 – 1423 .
  • Walker , S. P. , Chang , S. M. , Powell , C. A. , & Grantham-McGregor , S. M. ( 2005 ). Effects of early childhood psychosocial stimulation and nutritional supplementation on cognition and education in growth-stunted Jamaican children: Prospective cohort study . The Lancet (British Edition) , 966 , 1804 – 1807 .
  • Walker , S. P. , Chang , S. M. , Vera-Hernández , M. , & Grantham-McGregor , S. M. ( 2011 ). Early childhood stimulation benefits adult competence and reduces violent behavior . Pediatrics , 127 , 849 – 857 .
  • Walker , S. P. , Wachs , T. D. , Gardner , J. M. , Lozoff , B. , Wasserman , G. A. , Pollitt , E. , …  International Child Development Steering Group . ( 2007 ). Child development: Risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries . The Lancet , 369 , 145 – 157 .
  • Waterkeyn , J. , & Caincross , S. ( 2005 ). Creating demand for sanitation and hygiene through community health clubs: A cost-effective intervention in two districts in Zimbabwe . Social Science & Medicine , 61 , 1958 – 1970 .
  • Wilson , J. M. , & Chandler , G. N. ( 1993 ). Sustained improvements in hygiene behaviour amongst village women in Lombok, Indonesia . Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 87 , 615 – 616 .
  • Wilson , J. M. , Chandler , G. N. , & Muslihatun , J. ( 1991 ). Hand-washing reduces diarrhoea episodes: A study in Lombok, Indonesia . Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 85 , 819 – 821 .
  • Winch , P. J. , Alam , M. A. , Akther , A. , Afroz , D. , Ali , N. A. , Ellis , A. A. , …  Bangladesh PROJAHNO Study Group . ( 2005 ). Local understandings of vulnerability and protection during the neonatal period in Sylhet District, Bangladesh: A qualitative study . The Lancet , 366 , 478 – 485 .
  • World Health Organization . ( 2005 ). World Health Report 2005: Make every and child count . Geneva , Switzerland : Author . Retrieved from http://www.who.int/whr/2005/en
  • World Health Organization. (2011). WHO guidelines on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes in adolescents in developing countries . Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502214_eng.pdf?ua=1
  • World Health Organization & UNICEF . ( 2009 ). Home visits for the newborn child: A strategy to improve survival . Geneva , Switzerland : Author . Retrieved from http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/who_fch_cah_09_02/en
  • Yoder , P. S. , & Hornik , R. C. ( 1994 ). Perceptions of severity of diarrhea and treatment choice: A comparative study of HealthCom sites . Journal of Tropical Medical Hygiene , 97 , 1 – 12 .
  • Zaveri , S. ( 2006 ). Uzbekistan: Family education project evaluation . New York , NY : UNICEF . Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/FEP_Evaluation_Uzbekistan.pdf
  • Zwane , A. , & Kremer , M. ( 2007 ). What works in fighting diarrheal diseases in developing countries? A critical review . The World Bank Research Observer , 22 ( 1 ), 1 – 24 .