Law & Order, CSI, and NCIS: The Association Between Exposure to Crime Drama Franchises, Rape Myth Acceptance, and Sexual Consent Negotiation Among College Students

References

• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, M. (2007). Reading CSI: Crime TV under the microscope. New York, NY: I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, K. B., Cooper, H., & Okamura, L. (1997). Individual differences and attitudes toward Rape: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 295–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 121–154). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Baugher, S. N., Elhai, J. D., Monroe, J. R., & Gray, M. J. (2010). Rape myth acceptance, sexual trauma history, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 2036–2053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bay-Cheng, L. Y., & Eliseo-Arras, R. K. (2008). The making of unwanted sex: Gendered and neoliberal norms in college women's unwanted sexual experiences. Journal of Sex Research, 45, 386–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bibel, S. (2012, June 14). CSI: Crime Scene Investigation is the most watched show in the world. Retrieved from http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/06/14/csi-crime-scene-investigation-is-the-most-watched-show-in-the-world-2/138212
   Google Scholar
• Blumstein, P., & Schwartz, P. (1983). American couples: Money, work, sex. New York, NY: Morrow.
   Google Scholar
• Bohner, G., Jarvis, C. I., Eyssel, F., & Siebler, F. (2005). The causal impact of rape myth acceptance on men's rape proclivity: Comparing sexually coercive and noncoercive men. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 819–828.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burn, S. M. (2009). A situational model of sexual assault prevention through bystander intervention. Sex Roles, 60, 779–792.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 217–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106, 676–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byers, E. S. (1996). How well does the traditional sexual script explain sexual coercion? Review of a research program. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 8, 7–25.
   Google Scholar
• Carmody, D. C., & Washington, L. M. (2001). Rape myth acceptance among college women: The impact of race and prior victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 424–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, M. D., & Carroll, M. H. (2008). Acquaintance rape scripts of women and men: Similarities and differences. Sex Roles, 58, 616–625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohan, S. (2008). CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. New York, NY: Palmgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Crime show takes the cake. (2012). Courier Mail, pp. 58.
   Google Scholar
• Cuklanz, L. M. (2000). Rape on prime time: Television, masculinity, and sexual violence. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cuklanz, L. M., & Moorti, S. (2006). Television's “new” feminism: Prime-time representations of women and victimization. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 23, 302–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowler, K. (2003). Media consumption and public attitudes toward crime and justice: The relationship between fear of crime, punitive attitudes, and perceived police effectiveness. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 10, 109–126.
   Google Scholar
• Dowler, K., & Zawilski, V. (2007). Public perceptions of police misconduct and discrimination: Examining the impact of media consumption. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 197–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, P. I., & Rapkin, A. J. (1991). Unwanted sexual experiences among middle and high school youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12, 319–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escholz, S., Chiricos, T., & Gertz, M. (2003). Television and fear of crime: Program types, audience traits, and the mediating effect of perceived neighborhood racial composition. Social Problems, 50, 395–415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, B. S., Cullen, F. T., & Turner, M. G. (2000). The sexual victimization of college women (Special report of the U.S. Department of Justice). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Foss, K. (2010). Gender, victimization, and responsibility in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. Journal of Research on Women and Gender, 1, 98–115.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber, G. L., Cronin, J. M., & Steigman, H. J. (2004). Attributions of blame in sexual assault to perpetrators and victims of both genders. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 2149–2165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, D. S. (1995). Consent for sexual behavior in a college student population (Doctoral dissertation). Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, San Francisco, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Hickman, S. E., & Muehlenhard, C. L. (1999). By the semi-mystical appearance of a condom: How young women and men communication sexual consent in heterosexual situations. The Journal of Sex Research, 36, 258–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohenstein, K. (2009). CSI and Law & Order: Dueling representations of science and law in the criminal justice system. In M. Byers & V. M. Johnson (Eds.), The CSI effect: Television, crime, and governance (pp. 61–74). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Houts, L. A. (2005). But was it wanted?: Young women's first voluntary sexual intercourse. Journal of Family Issues, 26, 1082–1102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys, T. (2004). Understanding sexual consent: An empirical investigation of the normative script for young heterosexual adults. In M. Cowling & P. Reynolds (Eds.), Making sense of sexual consent (pp. 209–226). Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, T., & Herold, E. (2007). Sexual consent in heterosexual relationships: Development of a new measure. Sex Roles, 57, 305–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hust, S. J. T., Marett, E. G., Lei, M., Chang, H., Ren, C., McNab, A., & Adams, P. (2013). Health promotion messages in entertainment media: Crime drama viewership and intentions to intervene in a sexual assault situation. Journal of Health Communication, 18, 105–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hust, S. J. T., Marett, E. G., Ren, C., Adams, P. M., Willoughby, J. F., Lei, M., … Norman, C. (2014). Establishing and adhering to sexual consent: The association between reading magazines and college students' sexual consent negotiation. Journal of Sex Research, 51, 280–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Impett, E. A., & Peplau, L. A. (2003). Sexual compliance: Gender, motivational, and relationship perspectives. The Journal of Sex Research, 40, 87–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jermyn, D. (2003). Women with a mission: Lynda La Plante, DCI Jane Tennison, and the reconfiguration of the TV crime drama. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 6, 46–63.
   Google Scholar
• Kahlor, L. A., & Eastin, M. S. (2011). Television's role in the culture of violence toward women: A study of television viewing and the cultivation of rape myth acceptance in the United States. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55, 215–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahlor, L. A., & Morrison, D. (2007). Television viewing and rape myth acceptance among college women. Sex Roles, 56, 729–739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser Family Foundation. (2008a, September). How healthy is prime time? An analysis of health content in popular prime time television programs. Menlo Park, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser Family Foundation. (2008b, September). Television as health educator: A case study of Grey's Anatomy. Menlo Park, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, J., & Tirone, V. (2009). Women's sexual compliance with male dating partners: Associations with investment in ideal womanhood and romantic well-being. Sex Roles, 60, 347–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, J., & Tirone, V. (2010). Going along with it: Sexually coercive partner behavior predicts dating women's compliance with unwanted sex. Violence Against Women, 16, 730–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. L., Sorsoli, C. L., Collins, K., Zylbergold, B. A., Schooler, D., & Tolman, D. L. (2007). From sex to sexuality: Exposing the heterosexual script on primetime network television. The Journal of Sex Research, 44, 145–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kort-Butler, L. A., & Hartshorn, K. J. S. (2011). Watching the detectives: Crime programming, fear of crime, and attitudes about the criminal justice system. The Sociological Quarterly, 52, 36–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs, C. P., Lindquist, C. H., Warner, T. D., Fisher, B. S., & Martin, S. L. (2007). The campus sexual assault (CSA) study (Research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, M. J., Hust, S. J. T., & Zhang, L. (2011). Effects of violence against women in popular crime dramas on viewers’ attitudes related to sexual violence. Mass Communication and Society, 14, 25–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, G. Y., & Roloff, M. E. (1999). Attributing sexual consent. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27, 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1994). Rape myths: In review. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 133–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lury, K. (2005). Interpreting television. London, England: Hodder Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Malamuth, N. M., & Check, J. V. P. (1981). The effects of mass media exposure on acceptance of violence against women: A field experiment. Journal of Research in Personality, 15, 436–446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meilman, P. W., & Haygood-Jackson, D. (1996). Data on sexual assault from the first 2 years of a comprehensive campus prevention program. Journal of American College Health, 44, 157–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, E., Johnson, I., & Sigler, R. (2006). Gender differences in perceptions for women's participation in unwanted sexual intercourse. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 515–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2010). Mplus user's guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Authors.
   Google Scholar
• National Crime Victim Law Institute. (n.d.). Sexual assault statues in the United States. Retrieved from http://law.lclark.edu/centers/national_crime_victim_law_institute
   Google Scholar
• NBC Universal. (2012). Law & Order: The Complete Series DVD Set. Retrieved from http://www.nbcuniversalstore.com/law-order-the-complete-series-dvd-set/detail.php?p=356751
   Google Scholar
• O'Byrne, R., Hansen, S., & Rapley, M. (2008). “If a girl doesn't say no … ”: Young men, rape, and claims of “insufficient knowledge.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 18, 168–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Byrne, R., Rapley, M., & Hansen, S. (2006). “You couldn't say ‘no’, could you?”: Young men's understandings of sexual refusal. Feminism and Psychology, 16, 133–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Sullivan, L. F., & Allgeier, E. R. (1998). Feigning sexual desire: Consenting to unwanted sexual activity in heterosexual dating relationships. The Journal of Sex Research, 35, 234–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, D. L., Longsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1999). Rape myth acceptance: Exploration of its structure and its measurement using the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 27–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, Z. D., & Muehlenhard, C. L. (2007). Conceptualizing the “wantedness” of women's consensual and nonconsensual sexual experiences: Implications for how women label their experiences with rape. Journal of Sex Research, 44, 72–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinedo, I. C. (1997). Recreational terror: Women and the pleasures of horror. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reith, M. (1999). Viewing of crime drama and authoritarian aggression: An investigation of the relationship between crime viewing, fear, and aggression. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 43, 211–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 119–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507–514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, T., & Fan, X. (2007). Response rates and mode preferences in web-mail mixed-mode surveys: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Internet Science, 2, 59–82.
   Google Scholar
• Shih, T., & Fan, X. (2008). Comparing response rates from web and mail surveys: A meta-analysis. Field Methods, 20, 249–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprecher, S., Hatfield, E., Cortese, A., Potapova, E., & Levistskaya, A. (1994). Token resistance to sexual intercourse and consent to unwanted sexual intercourse: College students’ dating experiences in three countries. The Journal of Sex Research, 31, 125–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson, D. (2011). How CSI murdered TV's other detectives … David Stephenson forensically analyses the secret of American TV crime phenomenon as CSI celebrates 10 years on our screens. Sunday Express, pp. 52–53.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, G. (2010). Cops heavily patrolling cable, networks: Proven formula, good ratings make a winning case for laying down the law on TV. USA Today, pp. 3D.
   Google Scholar
• Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Full report of the prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the national violence against women survey (DOJ Publication No. NCJ183781). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Tolman, D. L., Kim, J. L., Schooler, D., & Sorsoli, C. L. (2007). Rethinking the associations between television viewing and adolescent sexuality development: Bringing gender into focus. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 84.e9–84.e16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Wie, V. E., & Gross, A. M. (2001). The role of woman's explanations for refusal on men's ability to discriminate unwanted sexual behavior in a date rape scenario. Journal of Family Violence, 16, 331–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, S. J. (1997). When “no” becomes “yes”: Why girls and women consent to unwanted sex. Applied and Preventative Psychology, 6, 157–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, L. M. (2002). Does television exposure affect emerging adults’ attitudes and assumptions about sexual relationships? Correlational and experimental confirmation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissmann, E., & Boyle, K. (2007). Evidence of things unseen: The pornographic aesthetic and the search for truth in CSI. In M. Allen (Ed.), Reading CSI: Crime TV under the microscope (pp. 90–265). New York, NY: I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, M. O., Norton, D. L., & Matusek, J. A. (2010). Predicting verbal coercion following sexual refusal during a hookup: Diverging gender patterns. Sex Roles, 62, 647–660.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar