Theorizing Foreshadowed Death Narratives: Examining the Impact of Character Death on Narrative Processing and Skin Self-Exam Intentions

References

• Abbott, H. (2002). The Cambridge introduction to narrative. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Almahroos, M., & Kurban, A. K. (2004). Ultraviolet carcinogenesis in nonmelanoma skin cancer. Part I: Incidence rates in relation to geographic locations in migrant populations. Skinmed, 3(1), 29–35. doi:10.1111/j.1540-9740.2004.02331.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bae, B., Cheong, Y., & Vella, D. (2013). Modeling foreshadowing in narrative comprehension for sentimental readers. Interactive Storytelling: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 8230, 1–12. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02756-2_1
   Google Scholar
• Balough, M., & Herget, K. (2013). Utah cancer screening and staging. Retrieved from http://health.utah.gov/data/
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education & Behavior, 31(2), 143–164. doi:10.1177/1090198104263660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berwick, M., Begg, C. B., Fine, J. A., Roush, G. C., & Barnhill, R. L. (1996). Screening for cutaneous melanoma by skin self-examination. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88(1), 17–23. doi:10.1093/jnci/88.1.17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bilandzic, H., & Busselle, R. W. (2008). Transportation and transportability in the cultivation of genre-consistent attitudes and estimates. Journal of Communication, 58(3), 508–529. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00397.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, W. J. (2012). Promoting health through entertainment-education media: Theory and practice. In R. Obregon & S. Waisbord (Eds.), The handbook of global health communication (pp. 121–123). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Busselle, R., & Bilandzic, H. (2008). Fictionality and perceived realism in experiencing stories: A model of narrative comprehension and engagement. Communication Theory, 18(2), 255–280. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00322.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carcioppolo, N., Jensen, J. D., Wilson, S. R., Collins, W. B., Carrion, M., & Linnemeier, G. (2013). Examining HPV threat-to-efficacy ratios in the extended parallel process model. Health Communication, 28(1), 20–28. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.719478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (2001). Defining identification: A theoretical look at the identification of audiences with media characters. Mass Communication and Society, 4(3), 245–264. doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0403_01
   Google Scholar
• Dal Cin, S., Zanna, M. P., & Fong, G. T. (2002). Narrative persuasion and overcoming resistance. In E. S. Knowles & J. A. Linn (Eds.), Resistance and persuasion (pp. 175–191). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Dillard, A. J., Fagerlin, A., Cin, S. D., Zikmund-Fisher, B. J., & Ubel, P. A. (2010). Narratives that address affective forecasting errors reduce perceived barriers to colorectal cancer screening. Social Science & Medicine, 71(1), 45–52. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. J. (2005). On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72(2), 144–168. doi:10.1080/03637750500111815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs, J. S., Holbrook, M. B., Sheng, S., & Cranor, L. F. (2010). Are your participants gaming the system? Screening Mechanical Turk workers. Paper presented at the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2010, April 10–April 15, Atlanta, GA.
   Google Scholar
• Eddens, K. S., Kreuter, M. W., Morgan, J. C., Beatty, K. E., Jasim, S. A., Garibay, L., … Jupka, K. A. (2009). Disparities by race and ethnicity in cancer survivor stories available on the Web. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 11(4), e50. doi:10.2196/jmir.1163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ert, E., & Erev, I. (2013). On the descriptive value of loss aversion in decisions under risk: Six clarifications. Judgment & Decision Making, 8(3), 214–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodson, A. G., & Grossman, D. (2009). Strategies for early melanoma detection: Approaches to the patient with nevi. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 60(5), 719–735. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.10.065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulart, J. M., Malvehy, J., Puig, S., Martin, G., & Marghoob, A. A. (2011). Dermoscopy in skin self-examination: A useful tool for select patients. Archives of Dermatology, 147(1), 53–58. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2010.387
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green, M. C. (2006). Narratives and cancer communication. Journal of Communication, 56, S163–S183. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00288.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamidi, R., Peng, D., & Cockburn, M. (2010). Efficacy of skin self-examination for the early detection of melanoma. International Journal of Dermatology, 49(2), 126–134. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04268.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [White paper]. Retrieved from http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hinyard, L. J., & Kreuter, M. W. (2007). Using narrative communication as a tool for health behavior change: A conceptual, theoretical, and empirical overview. Health Education & Behavior, 34(5), 777–792. doi:10.1177/1090198106291963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopfer, S. (2012). Effects of a narrative HPV vaccination intervention aimed at reaching college women: A randomized controlled trial. Prevention Science, 13(2), 173–182. doi:10.1007/s11121-011-0254-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, J. D. (2012). Addressing health literacy in the design of health messages. In H. Cho (Ed.), Health communication message design: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 171–190). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, J. D., King, A. J., Carcioppolo, N., Krakow, M., Samadder, N. J., & Morgan, S. E. (2014). Comparing tailored and narrative worksite interventions at increasing colonoscopy adherence in adults 50–75: A randomized controlled trial. Social Science & Medicine, 104, 31–40. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, J. D., Moriarty, C. M., Hurley, R. J., & Stryker, J. E. (2010). Making sense of cancer news coverage trends: A comparison of three comprehensive content analyses. Journal of Health Communication, 15(2), 136–151. doi:10.1080/10810730903528025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, C. L., Jensen, J. D., Scherr, C. L., Brown, N. R., Christy, K., & Weaver, J. (2015). The health belief model as an explanatory framework in communication research: Exploring parallel, serial, and moderated mediation. Health Communication, 30, 566–576. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.873363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263–291. doi:10.2307/1914185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter, M. W., Buskirk, T. D., Holmes, K., Clark, E. M., Robinson, L., Si, X., … Mathews, K. (2008). What makes cancer survivor stories work? An empirical study among African American women. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 2(1), 33–44. doi:10.1007/s11764-007-0041-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreuter, M. W., Green, M. C., Cappella, J. N., Slater, M. D., Wise, M. E., Storey, D., … Woolley, S. (2007). Narrative communication in cancer prevention and control: A framework to guide research and application. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33(3), 221–235. doi:10.1007/BF02879904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter, M. W., Holmes, K., Alcaraz, K., Kalesan, B., Rath, S., Richert, M., … Clark, E. M. (2010). Comparing narrative and informational videos to increase mammography in low-income African American women. Patient Education and Counseling, 81(Suppl. 1), S6–S14. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkey, L. K., & Hecht, M. (2010). A model of effects of narrative as culture-centric health promotion. Journal of Health Communication, 15(2), 114–135. doi:10.1080/10810730903528017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manne, S., & Lessin, S. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of sun protection and skin self-examination practices among cutaneous malignant melanoma survivors. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(5), 419–434. doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9064-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen, A., & Kreuter, M. W. (2010). Women’s cognitive and affective reactions to breast cancer survivor stories: A structural equation analysis. Patient Education and Counseling, 81(Suppl. 1), S15–S21. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.08.015
   Google Scholar
• McQueen, A., Kreuter, M. W., Kalesan, B., & Alcaraz, K. I. (2011). Understanding narrative effects: The impact of breast cancer survivor stories on message processing, attitudes, and beliefs among African American women. Health Psychology, 30(6), 674–682. doi:10.1037/a0025395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, D. R., Geller, A. C., Wyatt, S. W., Halpern, A., Howell, J. B., Cockerell, C., … Koh, H. K. (1996). Melanoma awareness and self-examination practices: Results of a United States survey. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 34(6), 962–970. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(96)90273-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer-Gusé, E. (2008). Toward a theory of entertainment persuasion: Explaining the persuasive effects of entertainment-education messages. Communication Theory, 18(3), 407–425. doi:10.1111/comt.2008.18.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer-Gusé, E., & Nabi, R. L. (2010). Explaining the effects of narrative in an entertainment television program: Overcoming resistance to persuasion. Human Communication Research, 36(1), 26–52. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01367.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L., Moyer-Gusé, E., & Byrne, S. (2007). All joking aside: A serious investigation into the persuasive effect of funny social issue messages. Communication Monographs, 74(1), 29–54. doi:10.1080/03637750701196896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, D. J. (2003). Message properties, mediating states, and manipulation checks: Claims, evidence, and data analysis in experimental persuasive message effects research. Communication Theory, 13, 251–274. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2003.tb00292.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2006). The advantages of compliance or the disadvantage of noncompliance? A meta-analytic review of the relative persuasive effectiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed messages. Communication Yearbook, 30, 1–43. doi:10.1207/s15567419cy3001_1
   Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2007). The relative persuasiveness of gain-framed loss-framed messages for encouraging disease prevention behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Health Communication, 12(7), 623–644. doi:10.1080/10810730701615198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2009). The relative persuasiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed messages for encouraging disease detection behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Communication, 59(2), 296–316. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01417.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington, N., & Hastie, R. (1992). A cognitive theory of juror decision making: The story model. Cardozo Law Review, 13, 519–557.
   Google Scholar
• Shi, J., & Smith, S. W. (2016). The effects of fear appeal message repetition on perceived threat, perceived efficacy, and behavioral intention in the extended parallel process model. Health Communication, 31(3), 275–286. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.948145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrum, L. J. (2009). Media consumption and perceptions of social reality. Effects and underlying processes. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 50–73). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Siegel, R., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2016). Cancer statistics, 2016. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 66(1), 7–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, M. D., & Rouner, D. (2002). Entertainment-education and elaboration likelihood: Understanding the processing of narrative persuasion. Communication Theory, 12(2), 173–191. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00265.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, T., & Kreuter, M. W. (2014). Narrative-based health communication interventions: Using survivor stories to increase breast cancer knowledge and promote mammography. In D. K. Kim, A. Singhal, & G. L. Kreps (Eds.), Health communication: Strategies for developing global health programs (pp. 118–133). New York, NY: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2009). Screening for skin cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 150(3), 188–193. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-3-200902030-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K. (1994). Fear control and danger control: A test of the extended parallel process model (EPPM). Communication Monographs, 61(2), 113–134. doi:10.1080/03637759409376328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wouters, P., van Oostendorp, H., Boonekamp, R., & van der Spek, E. (2011). The role of game discourse analysis and curiosity in creating engaging and effective serious games by implementing a back story and foreshadowing. Interacting with Computers, 23, 329–336. doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2011.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yale, R. N. (2013). Measuring narrative believability: Development and validation of the Narrative Believability Scale (NBS-12). Journal of Communication, 63(3), 578–599. doi:10.1111/jcom.12035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yechiam, E., & Hochman, G. (2013). Losses as modulators of attention: Review and analysis of the unique effects of losses over gains. Psychological Bulletin, 139(2), 497–518. doi:10.1037/a0029383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar