Theory-Based Formative Research on an Anti-Cyberbullying Victimization Intervention Message

References

• Aboujaoude, E., Savage, M. W., Starcevic, V. D., & Salame, W. O. (2015). Cyberbullying: Review of an old problem gone viral. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57, 10–18. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham, C., & Michie, S. (2008). A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions. Health Psychology, 27, 379–387. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Albarracin, D., Johnson, B. T., Fishbein, M., & Muellerleile, P. A. (2001). Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 142–161. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, M. (1991). Meta‐analysis comparing the persuasiveness of one‐sided and two‐sided messages. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 55(4), 390–404. doi:10.1080/10570319109374395
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez, L. (2013, November 21). Charges dropped in cyberbullying death, but sheriff isn’t backing down. The New York Times [Online]. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/22/us/charges-dropped-against-florida-girls-accused-in-cyberbullying-death.html?ref=topics&_r=0
   Google Scholar
• Aricak, T., Siyahhan, S., Uzunhasanoglu, A., Saribeyoglu, S., Ciplak, S., Yilmaz, N., & Memmedov, C. (2008). Cyberbullying among Turkish adolescents. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 253–261. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arizona Attorney General’s Office. (2016). Internet safety. Retrieved from http://www.azag.gov/internet-safety
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 248–287. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90022-L
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Mediapsychology, 3, 265–299.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education & Behavior, 31, 143–164. doi:10.1177/1090198104263660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2008). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 121–153). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Baum, K., Catalano, S., Rand, M., & Rose, K. (2009). National Crime Victimization Survey: Stalking victimization in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ovw/legacy/2012/08/15/bjs-stalking-rpt.pdf
   Google Scholar
• BBC News. (2014, April 18). Man charged in Netherlands in Amanda Todd suicide case. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27076991
   Google Scholar
• Betz, E. (2013). Assessment of self efficacy. In K. F. Geisenger (Ed.), APA handbook of testing and assessment in psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 379–391). Washington, DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• Birnbaum, M. H. (2004). Human research and data collection via the Internet. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 803–832. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen, G. M., & Matusitz, J. (2008). Preventing youths from joining gangs: How to apply inoculation theory. Journal of Applied Security Research, 4, 109–128. doi:10.1080/19361610802210285
   Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R., & MacGeorge, E. L. (2002). Supportive communication. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (3rd ed., pp. 374–424). London, UK: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bussey, K., Fitzpatrick, S., & Raman, A. (2015). The role of moral disengagement and self-efficacy in cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 14, 30–46. doi:10.1080/15388220.2014.954045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Electronic aggression. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/youthviolence/electronicaggression/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Crosslin, K., & Golman, M. (2014). “Maybe you don’t want to face it”—College students perspectives on cyberbullying. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 14–20. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyberbullying Research Center. (2016). Report cyberbullying. Retrieved from http://cyberbullying.org/report
   Google Scholar
• Dehue, F., Bolman, C., & Vollink, T. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ experiences and parental perception. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 217–223. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Downs, D. S., & Hausenblas, H. A. (2005). The theories of reasoned action and planned behavior applied to exercise: A meta-analytic update. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2, 76–97. doi:10.1123/jpah.2.1.76
   Google Scholar
• Feinstein, B. A., Bhatia, V., & Davila, J. (2014). Rumination mediates the association between cyber-victimization and depressive symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29, 1732–1746. doi:10.1177/0886260513511534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flay, B. R., Biglan, A., Boruch, R. F., Castro, F. G., Gottfredson, D., Kellam, S., … Ji, P. (2005). Standards of evidence: Criteria for efficacy, effectiveness and dissemination. Prevention Science, 6, 151−175. doi:10.1007/s11121-005-5553-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foody, M., Samara, M., & Carlbring, P. (2015). A review of cyberbullying and suggestions for online psychological therapy. Internet Interventions, 2, 235–242. doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.05.002
   Google Scholar
• Green, M., & Brock, T. C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 701–721. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington, N. G. (2015). Introduction to the special issue: Message design in health communication research. Health Communication, 30, 103–105. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.974133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmelfarb, S. (1993). The measurement of attitudes. In A. H. Eagly & S. Chaiken (Eds.), Psychology of attitudes (pp. 23–88). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
   Google Scholar
• Hinyard, L. J., & Kreuter, M. W. (2007). Using narrative communication as a tool for health behavior change: A conceptual, theoretical, and empirical overview. Health Education & Behavior, 34, 777–792. doi:10.1177/1090198106291963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, J. A., Jones, E., Gabella, B. A., Spring, B., & Brownson, R. C. (2012). Tools for implementing an evidence-based approach in public health practice. Preventing Chronic Disease, 9, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juvoven, J., & Gross, E. F. (2008). Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School Health, 78, 496–505. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelder, S. H., Hoelscher, D., & Perry, C. L. (2016). How individuals, environments, and health behaviors interact: Social cognitive theory. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice (5th ed., pp. 159–182). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, M. S., & Hunter, J. E. (1993). Attitude-behavior relations: A meta-analysis of attitudinal relevance and topic. Journal of Communication, 43, 101–142. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01251.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk, R. E. (1996). Practical significance: A concept whose time has come. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56(5), 746–759. doi:10.1177/0013164496056005002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 1073–1137. doi:10.1037/a0035618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, R. J., & Augustine, A. A. (2008). Basic personality dispositions: Extraversion/neuroticism, BAS/BIS, positive/negative affectivity, and approach/avoidance. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation (pp. 151–164). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2006). On conceptualizing and assessing social cognitive constructs in career research: A measurement guide. Journal of Career Assessment, 14, 12–35. doi:10.1177/1069072705281364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limber, S. P., Kowalski, R. M., & Agatston, P. W. (2008). Cyber bullying: A prevention curriculum for grades 6-12. Center City, MN: Hazelden.
   Google Scholar
• McAlister, A. L., Perry, C. L., & Parcel, G. S. (2008). How individuals, environments, and health behaviors interact: Social cognitive theory. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education (4th ed., pp. 167–188). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno, M. A. (2014). Cyberbullying. JAMA Pediatrics, 168, 500. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na, H., Dancy, B. L., & Park, C. (2015). College student engaging in cyberbullying victimization: Cognitive appraisals, coping strategies, and psychological adjustments. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29, 155–161. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2015.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neil, A. L., & Christensen, H. (2009). Efficacy and effectiveness of school-based prevention and early intervention programs for anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 208–215. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Harrington, N. G., & Aldrich, R. S. (2009). The role of message tailoring in the development of persuasive health communication messages. In C. S. Beck (Ed.), Communication yearbook (Vol. 33, pp. 73–133). London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Myrick, J. G., Zeitany, A., Kelley, D., Morales-Pico, B., & Thomas, N. E. (2015). Testing a social cognitive theory-based model of indoor tanning: Implications for skin cancer prevention messages. Health Communication, 30, 164–174. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.974125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., & Zimmerman, R. S. (2005). Health behavior theory and cumulative knowledge regarding health behaviors: Are we moving in the right direction? Health Education Research, 20, 275–290. doi:10.1093/her/cyg113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, D. J. (2002). Persuasion: Theory and research (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4, 148–169. doi:10.1177/1541204006286288
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, H. W., Craig, D. W., & Perkins, J. M. (2011). Using social norms to reduce bullying: A research intervention among adolescents in five middle schools. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(5), 703–722. doi:10.1177/1368430210398004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phipps, M., Ozanne, L. K., Luchs, M. G., Subrahmanyan, S., Kapitan, S., Catlin, J. R., … Weaver, T. (2013). Understanding the inherent complexity of sustainable consumption: A social cognitive framework. Journal of Business Research, 66, 1227–1234. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.08.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotnikoff, R. C., Costigan, S. A., Karunamuni, N., & Lubans, D. R. (2013). Social cognitive theories used to explain physical activity behavior in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine, 56, 245–253. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramdass, D., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2011). Developing self-regulation skills: The important role of homework. Journal of Advanced Academics, 22, 194–218. doi:10.1177/1932202X1102200202
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez, A., Eastin, M. S., Chakroff, J., & Cicchirillo, V. (2008). Towards a communication based approach to cyberbullying. In S. Kelsey & K. St. Amant (Eds.), Handbook of research on computer mediated communication (pp. 339–352). Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez, A., Palazzolo, K., Savage, M. W., & Deiss, D. (2010). Developing a message-based approach to understanding cyber-bullying. In R. Taiwao (Ed.), Handbook of research in discourse behavior and digital communication: Language structures and social interaction (pp. 729–744). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, J. T. (2011). Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educational Research Review, 6, 135–147. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2010.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberto, A. J., & Eden, J. (2010). Cyberbullying: Aggressive communication in the digital age. In T. A. Avtgis & A. S. Rancer (Eds.), Arguments, aggression, and conflict: New directions in theory and research (pp. 198–216). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Roberto, A. J., Eden, J., Savage, M. W., Ramos-Salazar, L., & Deiss, D. M. (2014a). Outcome evaluation results of school-based cybersafety promotion and cyberbullying prevention intervention for middle school students. Health Communication, 29, 1029–1042. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.831684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberto, A. J., Eden, J., Savage, M. W., Ramos-Salazar, L., & Deiss, D. M. (2014b). Prevalence and predictors of cyberbullying perpetration by high school seniors. Communication Quarterly, 62, 97–114. doi:10.1080/01463373.2013.860906
   Google Scholar
• Roberto, A. J., Krieger, J. L., & Beam, M. A. (2009). Enhancing Web-based kidney disease prevention messages for Hispanics using targeting and tailoring. Journal of Health Communication, 14, 525–540. doi:10.1080/10810730903089606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roloff, M. E., & Parks, M. R. (2002). Interpersonal conflict: A review. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (3rd ed., pp. 475–528). London, UK: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, T. L., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2014). Social learning and cognition. New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schenk, A. M., Fremouw, W. J., & Keelan, C. M. (2013). Characteristics of college cyberbullies. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 2320–2327. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2001). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147–154. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzberg, B. H., & Hoobler, G. (2002). Cyberstalking and the technologies of interpersonal terrorism. New Media & Society, 4, 71–92. doi:10.1177/14614440222226271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacey, F. G., James, E. L., Chapman, K., Courneya, K. S., & Lubans, D. R. (2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis of social cognitive theory-based physical activity and/or nutrition behavior change interventions for cancer survivors. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 9, 305–338. doi:10.1007/s11764-014-0413-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelter, B. (2008, November 28). Guilty verdict in cyberbullying case provokes many questions over online identity. The New York Times, p. A28.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 277–287. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topcu, C., Erdur-Baker, O., & Capa-Aydin, Y. (2008). Examination of cyberbullying experiences among Turkish students from different school types. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 643–648. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Zundert, R. M., Nijhof, L. M., & Engels, R. C. (2009). Testing social cognitive theory as a theoretical framework to predict smoking relapse among daily smoking adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 281–286. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viswanath, K. (2008). Models of interpersonal behavior. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education (pp. 170–172). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wired Safety. (2009). Welcome to WiredSafety, the world’s largest Internet safety, help and education resource. Retrieved from http://www.wiredsafety.org/
   Google Scholar
• Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59, 329–349. doi:10.1080/03637759209376276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K., Cameron, K. A., McKeon, J. K., & Berkowitz, J. M. (1996). Predicting risk behaviors: Development and validation of a diagnostic scale. Journal of Health Communication, 1, 317–341. doi:10.1080/108107396127988
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wölfer, R., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Zagorscak, P., Jäkel, A., Göbel, K., & Scheithauer, H. (2014). Prevention 2.0: Targeting cyberbullying @ school. Prevention Science, 15, 879–887. doi:10.1007/s11121-013-0438-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, M. D., Plotnikoff, R. C., Collins, C. E., Callister, R., & Morgan, P. J. (2014). Social cognitive theory and physical activity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 15, 983–995. doi:10.1111/obr.2014.15.issue-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalaquett, C. P., & Chatters, S. J. (2014). Cyberbullying in college: Frequency, characteristics, and practical implications. SAGE Open, 4, 1–8. doi:10.1177/2158244014526721
   Google Scholar