The Entertainment-Education Strategy in Sexual Assault Prevention: A Comparison of Theoretical Foundations and a Test of Effectiveness in a College Campus Setting

References

• Afifi, W. A., & Weiner, J. L. (2006). Seeking information about sexual health: Applying the theory of motivated information management. Human Communication Research, 32, 35–57. doi:10.1111/hcre.2006.32.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College Health Association. (2016). American college health association-national college health assessment II: Reference group executive summary fall 2015. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self- efficacy: The excise of control. New York,NY: W. H. freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J. Bryant, & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 121–153). Hillsdale, NJ: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Banyard, V. L. (2008). Measurement and correlates of prosocial bystander behavior: The case of interpersonal violence. Violence and Victims, 23 (1), 83–97. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.23.1.83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banyard, V. L., Moynihan, M. M., & Plante, E. G. (2007). Sexual violence prevention through bystander intervention: An experimental evaluation. Journal of Community Psychology, 35, 463–481. doi:10.1002/jcop.20159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banyard, V. L., Plante, E. G., & Moynihan, M. M. (2004). Bystander education: Bringing a broader community perspective to sexual violence prevention. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 61–79. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, A. D. (2003). Applications of social norms theory to other health and social justice issues. In H. W. Perkins (Ed.), The social norms approach to preventing school and college age substance abuse: A handbook for educators, counselors, and clinician (pp. 259–279). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, A. (2004). An overview of the social norms approach. In L. Lederman, L. Stewart, F. Goodhart, & L. Laitman (Eds.), Changing the culture of college drinking: A socially situated prevention campaign (pp. 187–208). Hampton Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brodie, M., Foehr, U., Rideout, V., Baer, N., Miller, C., Flournoy, R., & Altman, D. (2001). Communicating health information through the entertainment media. Health Affairs, 20, 192–200. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.20.1.192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, S. (2002). The “A Man…” campaign: Marketing social norms to prevent sexual assault. The Report on Social Norms: Working Paper #5. Little Falls, NJ: PaperClip Communications.
   Google Scholar
• Clifford, D., Anderson, J., Auld, G., & Champ, J. (2009). Good Grubbin’: Impact of a TV cooking show for college students living off campus. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 41, 194–200. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2008.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, R. L., Elliott, M. N., Berry, S. H., Kanouse, D. E., & Hunter, S. B. (2003). Entertainment television as a healthy sex educator: The impact of condom-efficacy information in an episode of Friends. Pediatrics, 112, 1115–1121. doi:10.1542/peds.112.5.1115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabiano, P. M., Perkins, H. W., Berkowitz, A., Linkenbach, J., & Stark, C. (2003). Engaging men as social justice allies in ending violence against women: Evidence for a social norms approach. Journal of American College Health, 52, 105–112. doi:10.1080/07448480309595732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Cappella, J. N. (2006). The role of theory in developing effective health communications. Journal of Communications, 56, S1–S17. doi:10.1111/jcom.2006.56.issue-s1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, B. S., Cullen, F. T., & Turner, M. G. (2000). The sexual victimization of college women. Special Report of U. S. Department of Justice. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, J. (2008). Television entertainment. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Grim, M., Hortz, B., & Petosa, R. (2011). Impact evaluation of a pilot web-based intervention to increase physical activity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 25, 227–230. doi:10.4278/ajhp.081216-ARB-307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, D. S. (1995). Consent for sexual behavior in a college student population ( Doctoral dissertation). The Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, San Francisco, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Hether, H. J., Huang, G. C., Beck, V., Murphy, S. T., & Valente, T. W. (2008). Entertainment-education in a media-saturated environment: Examining the impact of single and multiple exposures to breast cancer storylines on two popular medical dramas. Journal of Health Communication, 13, 808–823. doi:10.1080/10810730802487471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickman, S. E., & Muehenhard, C. L. (1999). By the semi-mystical appearance of a condom: How young women and men communicate sexual consent in heterosexual situations. Journal of Sex Research, 36, 258–272. doi:10.1080/00224499909551996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, B. (2015, August 28). How colleges are battling sexual violence. U.S. News and World Report. Retrieved from http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/08/28/how-colleges-are-battling-sexual-violence.
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, T. P. (2004). Understanding sexual consent: An empirical investigation of the normative script for young heterosexual adults. In M. Cowling, & P. Reynolds (Eds.), Making sense of sexual consent (pp. 209–226). Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Hust, S. J. T., Adams, P. M., Ren, C. R., Lei, M., Fitts, J., Norman, C., Radanielina-Hita, M., & Pinkleton, B. (2010, August). Theory driven message development and the effectiveness of the entertainment-education strategy in sexual assault prevention. Presented at the annual convention of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Mass Communication and Society Division, Denver, Colorado.
   Google Scholar
• Hust, S. J. T., Marett, E. G., Lei, M., Chang, H., Ren, C., McNab, A., & Adams, P. (2013). Health promotion messages in entertainment media: Crime drama viewership and intentions to intervene in a sexual assault situation. Journal of Health Communication, 18, 105–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hust, S. J. T., Marett, E. G., Ren, C., Adams, P. M., Willoughby, J. F., Lei, M., Ran, W., & Norman, C. (2014). Establishing and adhering to sexual consent: The association between reading magazines and college students’ sexual consent negotiation. The Journal of Sex Research, 51, 280–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser Family Foundation. ( Spring, 2004). Entertainment education and health in the United States. Menlo Park, CA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser Family Foundation. (2008, September). Television as a health educator: A case study of Grey’s Anatomy. Menlo Park, CA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Karjane, H. M., Fisher, B. S., & Cullen, F. T. (2005). Sexual assault on campus: What colleges and universities are doing about it. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Kilmartin, C., Smith, T., Green, A., Heinzen, H., Kuchler, M., & Kolar, D. (2008). A real time social norms intervention to reduce male sexism. Sex Roles, 59, 264–273. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9446-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs, C. P., Lindquist, C. H., Warner, T. D., Fisher, B. S., & Martin, S. L. (2007). The campus sexual assault study: Final report (U.S. Department of Justice Publication, No. 221153). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Li, X., Zhang, L., Mao, R., Zhao, Q., & Stanton, B. (2011). Effect of social cognitive theory-based HIV education prevention program among high school students in Nanjing, China. Health Education Research, 26, 419–431. doi:10.1093/her/cyr001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, G. Y., & Roloff, M. E. (1999). Attributing sexual consent. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27, 1–23. doi:10.1080/00909889909365521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon, S., Postmus, J. L., Warrener, C., & Koenick, R. A. (2014). Utilizing peer education theater for the primary prevention of sexual violence on college campuses. Journal of College Student Development, 55, 78–85. doi:10.1353/csd.2014.0001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meilman, P. W., & Haygood-Jackson, D. (1996). Data on sexual assault from the first 2 years of a comprehensive campus prevention program. Journal of American College Health, 44, 157–165. doi:10.1080/07448481.1996.9937523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahm, E.-S., Barker, B., Resnick, B., Covington, B., Magaziner, J., & Brennan, P. F. (2010). Effects of a Social Cognitive Theory-based hip fracture prevention Web site for older adults. CIN: Computers, Infomatics, Nursing, 28, 371–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://thenationalcampaign.org/featured-topics/media
   Google Scholar
• O’Byrne, R., Hansen, S., & Rapley, M. (2008). “If a girl doesn’t say no…”: Young men, rape, and claims of “insufficient knowledge. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 18, 168–193. doi:10.1002/casp.922
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Byrne, R., Rapley, M., & Hansen, S. (2006). “You couldn’t say ‘no’, could you?”: Young men’s understandings of sexual refusal. Feminism and Psychology, 16, 133–154. doi:10.1177/0959-353506062970
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, W. (2009). Design and evaluation of a computer game to promote a healthy diet for young adults. Health Communication, 24, 115–127. doi:10.1080/10410230802676490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, H. W., Linkenbach, J. W., Lewis, M. A., & Neighbors, C. (2010). Effectiveness of social norms media marketing in reducing drinking and driving: A statewide campaign. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 866–874. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. N., & Real, K. (2003). Perceived risk and efficacy beliefs as motivators of change use of the risk perception attitude (RPA) framework to understand health behaviors. Human Communication Research, 29, 370–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharf, B. F., Freimuth, V. S., Greenspon, P., & Plotnick, C. (1996). Confronting cancer on thirty-something: Audience response to health content on entertainment television. Journal of Health Communication, 1, 157–172. doi:10.1080/108107396128121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma, M., Petosa, R., & Heaney, C. A. (1999). Evaluation of a brief intervention based on Social Cognitive Theory to develop problem-solving skills among sixth-grade children. Health Education & Behavior, 26, 465–477. doi:10.1177/109019819902600406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherry, J. L. (2002). Media saturation and entertainment-education. Communication Theory, 12, 206–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhal, A., & Rogers, E. M. (1999). Entertainment-education: A communication strategy for social change. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Singhal, A., & Rogers, E. M. (2004). Entertainment-education and social change: History, research, and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Söchting, I., Fairbrother, N., & Koch, W. J. (2004). Sexual assault of women: Prevention efforts and risk factors. Violence Against Women, 10, 73–93. doi:10.1177/1077801203255680
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, J., & Barnett, J. A. (2004, July). Male college students’ willingness to prevent rape: The impact of personal attitudes, referent group norms, and peer educators. Presented at “The Seventh Annual National Social Norms Conference,” Chicago, Illinois.
   Google Scholar
• Tannen, T. (2003). Media giant and foundation team up to fight HIV/AIDS. The Lancet, 361(9367), 1140–1441. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13152-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, S. J. (1997). When “No” becomes “Yes”: Why girls and women consent to unwanted sex. Applied and Preventative Psychology, 6, 157–166. doi:10.1016/S0962-1849(97)80003-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, J., Williams, L. V., & Cho, D. (2003). A social norms intervention to reduce coercive behaviors among deaf and hard-of-hearing college students. The Report on Social Norms: Working Paper #9, 2. Little Falls, NJ: PaperClip Communications.
   Google Scholar