2,295
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

“Fear the Flu, Not the Flu Shot”: A Test of the Extended Parallel Process Model

, , &

References

  • Boster, F. J., & Mongeau, P. (1984). Fear-arousing persuasive messages. In R. N. Bostrom (Ed.), Communication yearbook 8 (pp. 330–375). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019a). Flu symptoms and complications. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms/symptoms.htm
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019b). Influenza (flu). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/flu/index.htm
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019c). Influenza (flu) vaccine (inactivated or recombinant): What you need to know. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/flu.pdf
  • de Hoog, N., Stroebe, W., & de Wit, J. B. F. (2007). The impact of vulnerability to and severity of a health risk on processing and acceptance of fear-arousing communications: A meta-analysis. Review of General Psychology, 11, 258–285. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.11.3.258
  • Dillard, J. P., & Anderson, J. W. (2004). The role of fear in persuasion. Psychology & Marketing, 21, 209–926. doi:10.1002/mar.20041
  • Dillard, J. P., Li, R., Meczkowski, E., Yang, C., & Shen, L. (2017). Fear responses to threat appeals: Functional form, methodological considerations, and correspondence between static and dynamic data. Communication Research, 44, 997–1018. doi:10.1177/0093650216631097
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Floyd, D. L., Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 407–429. doi:10.1111/jasp.2000.30.issue-2
  • Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1953). Communication and persuasion: Psychological studies of opinion change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Janis, I. L., & Feshbach, S. (1953). Effects of fear-arousing communications. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48, 78–92. doi:10.1037/h0060732
  • Kok, G., Peters, G.-J. Y., Kessels, L. T. E., Ten Hoor, G., & Ruiter, R. A. C. (2018). Ignoring theory and misinterpreting evidence: The false belief in fear appeals. Health Psychology Review, 12, 111–125. doi:10.1080/17437199.2017.1415767
  • Leventhal, H. (1970). Findings and theory in the study of fear communications. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 119–186). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Meczkowski, E. J., Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2016). Threat appeals and persuasion: Seeking and finding the elusive curvilinear effect. Communication Monographs, 83, 373–395. doi:10.1080/03637751.2016.1158412
  • Mongeau, P. A. (2013). Fear appeals. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen (Eds.), The Sage handbook of persuasion (2nd ed., pp. 184–199). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
  • National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. (2016). Addressing the challenges of influenza vaccination on US college campuses. Retrieved from http://www.nfid.org/publications/reports/college-flu-summit-report.pdf
  • National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. (2017). National survey on college students and flu. Retrieved from http://www.nfid.org/idinfo/influenza/college-students-flu-survey.html
  • Nichol, K. L., D’Heilly, S., & Ehlinger, E. P. (2008). Influenza vaccination among college and university students: Impact on influenzalike illness, health care use, and impaired school performance. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 162, 1113–1118. doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.12.1113
  • Peters, G. J. Y., Ruiter, R. A., & Kok, G. (2013). Threatening communication: A critical re-analysis and a revised meta-analytic test of fear appeal theory. Health Psychology Review, 7, S8–S31. doi:10.1080/17437199.2012.703527
  • Roberto, A. J., Mongeau, P. A., & Liu, Y. (2018). A (re)defining moment for fear appeals. Health Psychology Review, 14, 144–146. doi:10.1080/17437199.2018.1445546
  • Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91, 93–114. doi:10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
  • Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. Cacioppo & R. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology (pp. 153–176). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2001). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  • Sheeran, P., Harris, P. R., & Epton, T. (2014). Does heightening risk appraisals change people’s intentions and behavior? A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 511–543. doi:10.1037/a0033065
  • Tannenbaum, M. B., Hepler, J., Zimmerman, R. S., Saul, L., Jacobs, S., Wilson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2015). Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 1178–1204. doi:10.1037/a0039729
  • Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59, 329–349. doi:10.1080/03637759209376276
  • Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27, 591–615. doi:10.1177/109019810002700506
  • Witte, K., Cameron, K. A., McKeon, J. K., & Berkowitz, J. M. (1996). Predicting risk behaviors: Development and validation of a diagnostic scale. Journal of Health Communication, 1, 317–341. doi:10.1080/108107396127988

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.