References
- Aiken, L. S., Gerend, M. A., & Jackson, K. M. (2001). Subjective risk and health protective behavior: Cancer screening and cancer prevention. In A. Baum, T. Revenson, & J. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of health psychology (pp. 727–746). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
- Brewer, N. T., Chapman, G. B., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., McCaul, K. D., & Weinstein, N. D. (2007). Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: The example of vaccination. Health Psychology, 26(2), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.26.2.136
- Brewer, N. T., Weinstein, N. D., Cuite, C. L., & Herrington, J. E. (2004). Risk perceptions and their relation to risk behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2702_7
- Burns, M. J., & Dillon, F. R. (2005). AIDS health locus of control, self-efficacy for safer sexual practices, and future time orientation as predictors of condom use in African American college students. Journal of Black Psychology, 31(2), 172–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798404268288
- Carpenter, C. J. (2010). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior. Health Communication, 25(8), 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2010.521906
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). College health and safety. https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/features/college/index.html
- Chandran, S., & Menon, G. (2004). When a day means more than a year: Effects of temporal framing on judgments of health risk. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(2), 375–389. https://doi.org/10.1086/422116
- Chapman, G. B. (2005). Short-term cost for long-term benefit: Time preference and cancer control. Health Psychology, 24(4,Suppl), S41–S48. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.4.S41
- Chu, H., & Yang, J. Z. (2020). Risk or efficacy? How psychological distance influences climate change engagement. Risk Analysis, 40(4), 758–770. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13446
- El-Toukhy, S. (2015). Parsing susceptibility and severity dimensions of health risk perceptions. Journal of Health Communication, 20(5), 499–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2014.989342
- Fujita, K., & Carnevale, J. J. (2012). Transcending temptation through abstraction: The role of construal level in self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(4), 248–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412449169
- Gerend, M. A., & Barley, J. (2009). Human papillomavirus vaccine acceptability among young adult men. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 36(1), 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31818606fc
- Jensen, J. D., Ratcliff, C. L., Yale, R. N., Krakow, M., Scherr, C. L., & Yeo, S. K. (2018). Persuasive impact of loss and gain frames on intentions to exercise: A test of six moderators. Communication Monographs, 85(2), 245–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1353699
- Kahlor, L. A. (2007). An augmented risk information seeking model: The case of global warming. Media Psychology, 10(3), 414–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260701532971
- Kees, J. (2010). Temporal framing in health advertising: The role of risk and future orientation. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 32(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2010.10505273
- Kim, J., & Nan, X. (2016). Effects of consideration of future consequences and temporal framing on acceptance of the HPV vaccine among young adults. Health Communication, 31(9), 1089–1096. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1038774
- Kreuter, M. W., Strecher, V. J., & Glassman, B. (1999). One size does not fit all: The case for tailoring print materials. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 21(4), 276–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02895958
- Largo-Wight, E., Bian, H., & Lange, L. (2012). An empirical test of an expanded version of the theory of planned behavior in predicting recycling behavior on campus. American Journal of Health Education, 43(2), 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2012.10599221
- Lee, S. J. (2019). The role of construal level in message effects research: A review and future directions. Communication Theory, 29(3), 231–250. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qty030
- Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (1998). The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.5
- McComas, K. A. (2006). Defining moments in risk communication research: 1996–2005. Journal of Health Communication, 11(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730500461091
- Morgan, M. G., Fischhoff, B., Bostrom, A., & Atman, C. J. (2002). Risk communication: A mental models approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Murphy, L., & Dockray, S. (2018). The consideration of future consequences and health behaviour: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 12(4), 357–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1489298
- Nan, X. (2012). Relative persuasiveness of gain- versus loss-framed human papillomavirus vaccination messages for the present- and future-minded. Human Communication Research, 38(1), 72–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2011.01419.x
- Nan, X., & Kim, J. (2014). Predicting H1N1 vaccine uptake and H1N1-related health beliefs: The role of individual difference in consideration of future consequences. Journal of Health Communication, 19(3), 376–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.821552
- Noar, S. M., Benac, C. N., & Harris, M. S. (2007). Does tailoring matter? Meta-analytic review of tailored print health behavior change interventions. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), 673–693. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.673
- Orbell, S., & Hagger, M. (2006). Temporal framing and the decision to take part in type 2 diabetes screening: Effects of individual differences in consideration of future consequences on persuasion. Health Psychology, 25(4), 537–548. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.4.537
- Orbell, S., & Kyriakaki, M. (2008). Temporal framing and persuasion to adopt preventive health behavior: Moderating effects of individual differences in consideration of future consequences on sunscreen use. Health Psychology, 27(6), 770–779. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.6.770
- Orbell, S., Perugini, M., & Rakow, T. (2004). Individual differences in sensitivity to health communications: Consideration of future consequences. Health Psychology, 23(4), 388–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.4.388
- Popova, L. (2012). The Extended Parallel Process Model: Illuminating the gaps in research. Health Education & Behavior, 39(4), 455–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198111418108
- Rimal, R. N., & Real, K. (2003). Perceived risk and efficacy beliefs as motivators of change: Use of the risk perception attitude (RPA) framework to understand health behaviors. Human Communication Research, 29(3), 370–399. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/29.3.370
- Robbins, R., & Niederdeppe, J. (2015). Using the integrative model of behavioral prediction to identify promising message strategies to promote healthy sleep behavior among college students. Health Communication, 30(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.835215
- Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
- Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook (pp.153–176). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Rosenstock, I. M. (1966). Why people use health services. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 44(3), 94. https://doi.org/10.2307/3348967
- Sanna, L. J., Chang, E. C., Carter, S. E., & Small, E. M. (2006). The future is now: Prospective temporal self-appraisals among defensive pessimists and optimists. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(6), 727–739. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205285896
- Slovic, P. (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 236(4799), 280–285. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3563507
- So, J. (2013). A further extension of the extended parallel process model (E-EPPM): Implications of cognitive appraisal theory of emotion and dispositional coping style. Health Communication, 28(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.708633
- So, J., Kuang, K., & Cho, H. (2016). Reexamining fear appeal models from cognitive appraisal theory and functional emotion theory perspectives. Communication Monographs, 83(1), 120–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2015.1044257
- Strathman, A., Gleicher, F., Boninger, D. S., & Edwards, C. S. (1994). The consideration of future consequences: Weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(4), 742–752. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.742
- Tannenbaum, M. B., Hepler, J., Zimmerman, R. S., Saul, L., Jacobs, S., Wilson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2015). Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories. Psychological Bulletin, 141(6), 1178–1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039729
- Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440–463. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018963
- Trope, Y., Liberman, N., & Wakslak, C. (2007). Construal levels and psychological distance: Effects on representation, prediction, evaluation, and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(2), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70013-X
- Weinstein, N. D. (2000). Perceived probability, perceived severity, and health-protective behavior. Health Psychology, 19(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.19.1.65
- Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59(4), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376276
- Witte, K., Cameron, K. A., McKeon, J. K., & Berkowitz, J. M. (1996). Predicting risk behaviors: Development and validation of a diagnostic scale. Journal of Health Communication, 1(4), 317–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/108107396127988
- Xu, X., Arpan, L. M., & Chen, C. (2015). The moderating role of individual differences in responses to benefit and temporal framing of messages promoting residential energy saving. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 44, 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.09.004
- Yang, J. Z., Rickard, L. N., Harrison, T. M., & Seo, M. (2014). Applying the risk information seeking and processing model to examine support for climate change mitigation policy. Science Communication, 36(3), 296–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547014525350
- Yates, J. E., & Stone, E. R. (1992). The risk construct. In J. F. Yates (Ed.), Risk-taking behavior (pp. 1–25). New York, NY: Wiley.
- Zhao, X., Nan, X., Iles, I. A., & Yang, B. (2015). Temporal framing and consideration of future consequences: Effects on smokers’ and at-risk nonsmokers’ responses to cigarette health warnings. Health Communication, 30(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.974122
- Zhao, X., Villagran, M. M., Kreps, G. L., & McHorney, C. (2012). Gain versus loss framing in adherence-promoting communication targeting patients with chronic diseases: The moderating effect of individual time perspective. Health Communication, 27(1), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.569002
- Zhuang, J., Lapinski, M. K., & Peng, W. (2018). Crafting messages to promote water conservation: Using time-framed messages to boost conservation actions in the United States and China. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(5), 248–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12509