References
- Barmania, S., & Reiss, M. J. (2020). Health promotion perspectives on the COVID-19 pandemic: The importance of religion. Global Health Promotion, 1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975920972992
- Bernard, R., Bowsher, G., Sullivan, R., & Gibson-Fall, F. (2020). Disinformation and Epidemics: Anticipating the Next Phase of Biowarfare. Health Security, 19, 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2020.0038
- Blakenship, E., Goff, M. E., Yin, J., Tse, S. T., Fu, K.-W., Lian, H., … Fung, I. (2018). Sentiment, contents, and retweets: A study of two vaccine-related Twitter datasets. The Permanente Journa, 22, 17–138.
- Boghardt, T. (2009). Soviet Block Intelligence and Its AIDS Disinformation Campaign. Studies in Intelligence, 53(4), 1–24.
- Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2017). Troops, Trolls, and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. Retrieved from Oxford Computational Propaganda Research Project: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cef7e8d9-27bf-4ea5-9fd6-855209b3e1f6/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Troops-Trolls-and-Troublemakers.pdf&type_of_work=Report
- Broniatowski, D. A., Jamison, A. M., Qi, S., AlKulaib, L., Chen, T., Benton, A., Quinn, S.C., & Dredze, M. (2018). Weaponized Health Communication: Twitter Bots and Russian Trolls Amplify the Vaccine Debate. American Journal of Public Health, 108(10), 1378–1384.
- Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Sock Puppet; Troll. Retrieved from Cambrdige Dictionary: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/sock-puppet
- Carrieri, V., Madio, L., & Principe, F. (2019, November). Vaccine hesitancy and (fake) news: Quasi‐experimental evidence from Italy. Health Economics, 28(11), 1377–1382. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3937
- Chou, W.-Y. S., & Budenz, A. (2020). Considering emotion in COVID-19 vaccine communication: Addressing vaccine hesitancy and fostsering vaccine confidence. Health Communication, 35(14), 1718–1722. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1838096
- Ding, J., & Dam, K. (2018). Disguised in conspiracy or uncertainty? Effects of Vaccine Misinformation on Vaccination Intentions. In 68th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, Prague, Czech Republic. Information Systems Division. Prague: International Communication Association.
- Ellick, A. B., & Westbrook, A. (2018, 11 12). Operation Infektion. Retrieved from New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/12/opinion/russia-meddling-disinformation-fake-news-elections.html
- Ferrara, E., Varol, O., Davis, C., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2016). The Rise of Social Bots. Communications of the ACM, 59(7), 96–104.
- Gaske, P. (1983). Toward the conceptual clarification of social judgement-involvement theory. Communication, 12(1), 71.
- Green, B., Maisiak, R., Wang, M., Britt, M., & Ebeling, N. (1997). Participation in health education, health promotion, and health research by African Americans: Effects of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. Journal of Health Education, 28(4), 196–201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10556699.1997.10603270
- Gunaratne, K., Coomes, E. A., & Haghbayan, H. (2019, August). Temporal trends in anti-vaccine discourse on Twitter. Vaccine, 37(35), 4867–4871. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.086
- Hamel, L., Kirzinger, A., Muñana, C., & Brodie, M. KKF COVID-19 Vaccine Monitor: December 2020. The KaisernFamily Foundation, December 15, 20210. Available at https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/report/kff-covid19-vaccine-monitor-december-2020/
- Harvey, A., Thompson, S., Lac, A., & Coolidge, F. (2019). Fear and Derision: A quantitative content analysis of provaccine and antivaccine internet memes.Health Education and Behavior, 46(6), 1012-1023.
- Head, K., Monica, K., Sturm, L., Hartsock, J., & Zimet, G. (2020). A national survey assessing SARS-CoV-2 vaccination intentions: Implications for future public health communication efforts. Science Communication, 42(5), 698–723. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547020960463
- Hill, H. A., Yankey, D., Elam-Evans, L. D., Singleton, J. A., Pingali, C., & Santibanez, T. A. (2020, October 23). Vaccination Coverage by Age 24 Months Among Children Born in 2016 and 2017 — National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2017–2019. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), pp. 1505–1511.
- Indiana University. (n.d.). Botometer. Retrieved December 2020, from https://botometer.osome.iu.edu
- Jenkins, M., & Moreno, M. (2020). Vaccination Discussion among Parents on Social Media: A Content Analysis of Comments on Parenting Blogs. Journal of Health Communication, 25(3), 232–242. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2020.1737761
- Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. (2014). The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e89177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089177
- Kang, G. J., Ewing-Nelson, S. R., Mackey, L., Schlitt, J. T., Marathe, A., Abbas, K. M., & Swarup, S. (2017). Semantic network analysis of vaccine sentiment in online social media. Vaccine, 35(29), 3621–3638. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.052
- Kasstan, B. (2020). Vaccines and vitriol: An anthropological commentary on vaccine hesitancy, decision-making and interventionism among religious minorities. Anthropology and Medicine,1–9.
- Larson, H. J., Clarke, R., Jarett, C., Eckersberger, E., Levine, S., & Schulz, W. S. (2018). Measuring trust in vaccination: A systematic review. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 14(2), 1599–1609. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1459252
- Lazarus, J., Ratzan, S., Palayew, A., Gostin, L., Larson, H., Rabin, K., … El-Mohandes, A. (2020). A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature Medicine, 27(2), 1–8.
- Lu, P. J., O’Halloran, A., Williams, W. W., Lindley, M. C., Farrall, S., & Bridges, C. B. (2015). Racial and ethnic disparities in vaccination coverage among adult populations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(6), S412–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.005
- Meleo-Erwin, Z., Basch, C., MacLean, S. A., Scheibner, C., & Cadorett, V. (2017). “To each his own”: Discussions of vaccine decision-making in top parenting blogs. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 13(8), 1895–1901. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2017.1321182
- Mellerson, J. L., Maxwell, C. B., Knighton, C. L., Kriss, J. L., Seither, R., & Black, C. L. (2018, October). Vaccination Coverage for Selected Vaccines and Exemption Rates Among Children in Kindergarten — United States, 2017–18 School Year. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 67(40), 1115–1122. doi:https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6740a3
- Moran, M., Lucas, M., Everhart, K., Morgan, A., & Prickett, E. (2016). What makes anti-vaccine websites persuasive? A content analysis of techniques used by anti-vaccine websites to engender anti-vaccine sentiment. Journal of Communiation in Healthcare, 9(3), 151–163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17538068.2016.1235531
- Noar, S., & Austin, L. (2020). (Mis)communication about COVID-19: Insights from health and crisis communication. Health Communication, 35(14), 1736–1739. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1838093
- Petty, R., & Cacioppo, J. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. New York, New York, USA: Academic Press.
- Puri, N., Coomes, E. A., Haghbayan, H., & Gunaratne, K. (2020). Social media and vaccine hesitancy: New updates for the era of COVID-19 and globalized infectious diseases. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1780846
- Quinn, S., Jamison, A., Mus, A, D., Hilyard, K., & Freimuth, V. (2016). Exploring the Continuum of Vaccine Hesitancy Between African American and White Adults: Results of a Qualitative Study. PLOS Currents Outbreaks, 1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.outbreaks.3e4a5ea39d8620494e2a2c874a3c4201
- Ratzan, S. (2011). Our New “Social” Communication Age in Health. Journal of Health Communication, 16(8), 803–804. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2011.610220
- Salmon, D. A., Dudley, M. Z., Glanz, J. M., & Omer, S. B. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Causes, consequences, and a call to action. Vaccine, 33, D66–D71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.035
- Sell, T. K., Hosangadi, D., & Trotochaud, M. (2020). Misinformation and the US Ebola communication crisis: Analyzing the veracity and content of social media messages related to a fear-inducing infectious disease outbreak. BMC Public Health, 20, 20(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08697-3
- Shi, J., & Smith, S. (2016). The effects of fear appeal message repitition on perceived threat, perceived efficacy, and behavioral intention in the extended parallel process model. Health Communication, 31(3), 275–286. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.948145
- Smith, S., Atkin, C., Martell, D., Allen, R., & Hembroff, L. (2006). A social judgement theory approach to conducting formative research in a social norms campaign. Communication Theory, 16(1), 141–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00009.x
- Stone, W. (2021). An Anti-Vaccine Film Targeted To Black Americans Spreads False Information. National Public Radio. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/06/08/1004214189/anti-vaccine-film-targeted-to-black-americans-spreads-false-information?sc=18&f=1001
- Subrahmanian, V., Azaria, A., Durst, S., Kagan, V., Galstyan, A., Lerman, K., … Ferrara, E. (2016, June). The DARPA Twitter Bot Challenge. Computer, 49(6), 38–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2016.183
- (n.d.). Retrieved from Talkwalker: https://www.talkwalker.com
- Tyson, A., Johnson, C., & Funk, C. (2020). U.S. Public Now Divided Over Whether to Get COVID-19 Vaccine. Washington D.C.: Pew Research Center.
- Vanderpool, R., Gaysynsky, A., & Chou, W.-Y. S. (2020). Using a global pendemic as a teachable moment to promote vaccine literacy and build resilience to misinformation. AJPH Perspectives, 110(53), S284–S285.
- Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A., & Stuckler, D. (2019). Systematic Literature Review on the Spread of Health-related Misinformation on Social Media. Social Science & Medicine, 240, 112552. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552
- Wardle, C. (2017, February 16). Fake news .It’s complicated. Retrieved November 2020, from First Draft: https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/fake-news-complicated/
- Wilson, S., & Wiysonge, C. (2020). Social Media and Vaccine Hesitancy. BMJ Global Health, 5(10), e004206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004206
- Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fead back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59(4), 329–349. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376276
- Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A metanalysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education and Behavior, 27(5), 591–615. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700506
- Wombell, E., Fangman, M., Yoder, A., & Spero, D. (2015). Religious barriers to measles vaccination. Journal of Community Health, 40(3), 597–604. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-014-9956-1
- Wongpakaran, N., Wongpakaran, T., Wedding, D., & Gwet, K. (2013). A comparison of Cohen’s Kappa and Gwet’s AC1 when calculating inter-rater reliability coefficients: a study conducted with personality disorder samples. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13(1), 1–7.
- . Yuan, X., Schuchard, R. J., & Crooks, A. T. (2019). Examining Emergent Communities and Social Bots Within the Polarized Online Vaccination Debate in Twitter. Social Media + Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119865465