References
- Abhyankar, P., O’connor, D. B., & Lawton, R. (2008). The role of message framing in promoting MMR vaccination: Evidence of a loss-frame advantage. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 13(1), 1–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500701235732
- American Cancer Society. (2019). Cancer facts & figures for African Americans 2019-2021. https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/cancer-facts-and-figures-for-african-americans/cancer-facts-and-figures-for-african-americans-2019-2021.pdf
- Bailey, R. L., Wang, T., & Kaiser, C. K. (2018). Clash of the primary motivations: Motivated processing of emotionally experienced content in fear appeals about obesity prevention. Health Communication, 33(2), 111–121. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1250186
- Bednarczyk, R. A. (2018). Examining the “why” of vaccine hesitancy. Health Psychology, 37(4), 316–317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000596
- Berenson, A. B., & Rahman, M. (2012). Gender differences among low income women in their intent to vaccinate their sons and daughters against human papillomavirus infection. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 25(3), 218–220. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2012.01.003
- Bessarabova, E., Fink, E. L., & Turner, M. (2013). Reactance, restoration, and cognitive structures: Comparative statics. Human Communication Research, 39(3), 339–364. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12007
- Bessarabova, E., Miller, C. H., & Russell, J. (2017). A further exploration of the effects of restoration postscripts on reactance. Western Journal of Communication, 81(3), 385–403. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2016.1254815
- Betsch, C., & Böhm, R. (2016). Detrimental effects of introducing partial compulsory vaccination: Experimental evidence. European Journal of Public Health, 26(3), 378–381. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv154
- Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. Academic Press.
- Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. Academic Press.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (August 21, 2020). National, regional, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13–17 years — United States, 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6933a1.htm
- Chan, A., Brown, B., Sepulveda, E., & Teran-Clayton, L. (2015). Evaluation of fotonovela to increase human papillomavirus vaccine knowledge, attitudes, and intentions in a low-income Hispanic community. BMC Research Notes, 8(1), 615–625. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1609-7
- Cho, H., & Sands, L. (2011). Gain- and loss-frame sun safety messages and psychological reactance adolescence. Communication Research Reports, 28(4), 308–317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2011.616242
- Churchill, S., & Pavey, L. (2013). Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption: The role of message framing and autonomy. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18(3), 610–622. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12007
- Clayton, R. B., Lang, A., Leshner, G., & Quick, B. L. (2019). Who fights, who flees? An integration of the LC4MP and psychological reactance theory. Media Psychology, 22(4), 545–571. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2018.1476157
- Cohen, E. L., & Head, K. J. (2013). Identifying knowledge-attitude-practice gaps to enhance HPV vaccine diffusion. Journal of Health Communication, 18(10), 1221–1234. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.778357
- Covey, J. (2014). The role of dispositional factors in moderating message framing effects. Health Psychology, 33(1), 52–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029305
- Crano, W. D., Alvaro, E. A., Tan, C. N., & Siegel, J. T. (2017). Social mediation of persuasive media in adolescent substance prevention. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(4), 479–487. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000265
- de Hoog, N., Stroebe, W., & De Wit, J. B. (2008). The processing of fear‐arousing communications: How biased processing leads to persuasion. Social Influence, 3(2), 84–113. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510802185836
- Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2005). On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72(2), 144–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750500111815
- Fenton, A. T., Elliott, M. N., Schwebel, D. C., Berkowitz, Z., Liddon, N. C., Tortolero, S. R., … Schuster, M. A. (2018). Unequal interactions: Examining the role of patient-centered care in reducing inequitable diffusion of a medical innovation: The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Social Science and Medicine, 200, 238–248. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.030
- Ferguson, E., & Gallagher, L. (2007). Message framing with respect to decisions about vaccination: The roles of frame valence, frame method and perceived risk. British Journal of Psychology, 98(4), 667–680. doi:https://doi.org/10.1348/000712607X190692
- Finkelstein, S. R., Boland, W. A., Vallen, B., Connell, P. M., Sherman, G. D., & Feemster, K. A. (2020). Psychological reactance impacts ratings of pediatrician vaccine-related communication quality, perceived vaccine safety, and vaccination priority among U.S. parents. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(5), 1024–1029. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2019.1694815
- Fu, L. Y., Zimet, G. D., Latkin, C. A., & Joseph, J. G. (2017). Associations of trust and healthcare provider advice with HPV vaccine acceptance among African American parents. Vaccine, 35(5), 802–807. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.045
- Galbraith, K. V., Lechuga, J., Jenerette, C. M., Moore, L. A. D., Palmer, M. H., & Hamilton, J. B. (2016). Parental acceptance and uptake of the HPV vaccine among African-Americans and Latinos in the United States: A literature review. Social Science & Medicine, 159, 116–126. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.04.028
- Galbraith-Gyan, K. V., Lechuga, J., Jenerette, C. M., Palmer, M. H., Moore, A. D., & Hamilton, J. B. (2019a). HPV vaccine acceptance among African-American mothers and their daughters: An inquiry grounded in culture. Ethnicity & Health, 24(3), 323–340. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2017.1332758
- Galbraith‐Gyan, K. V., Lechuga, J., Jenerette, C. M., Palmer, M. H., Moore, A. D., & Hamilton, J. B. (2019b). African‐American parents’ and daughters’ beliefs about HPV infection and the HPV vaccine. Public Health Nursing, 36(2), 134–143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12565
- Gerend, M. A., & Shepherd, J. E. (2007). Using message framing to promote acceptance of the human papillomavirus vaccine. Health Psychology, 26(6), 745–752. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.26.6.745
- Gerend, M. A., Shepherd, J. E., & Monday, K. A. (2008). Behavioral frequency moderates the effects of message framing on HPV vaccine acceptability. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35(2), 221–229. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-008-9024-0
- Gerend, M. A., & Sias, T. (2009). Message framing and color priming: How subtle threat cues affect persuasion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 999–1002. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.002
- Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
- Hong, S. M., & Page, S. (1989). A psychological reactance scale: Development, factor structure and reliability. Psychological Reports, 64(3), 1323–1326. doi:https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.3c.1323
- Hornsey, M. J., Harris, E. A., & Fielding, K. S. (2018). The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: A 24-nation investigation. Health Psychology, 37(4), 307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000586
- Jonas, E., Schulz-Hardt, S., & Frey, D. (2005). Giving advice or making decisions in someone else’s place: The influence of impression, defense, and accuracy motivation on the search for new information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(7), 977–990. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204274095
- Katz, I. T., Bogart, L. M., Chong, M. F., Yingna, L., Cox, J. E., Samuels, R. C., … Schuster, M. A. (2016). Barriers to HPV immunization among blacks and latinos: A qualitative analysis of caregivers, adolescents, and providers. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 874. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3529-4
- Kim, H., Seo, Y., Yoon, H. J., Han, J. Y., & Ko, Y. (2020). The effects of user comment valence of Facebook health messages on intention to receive the flu vaccine: The role of pre-existing attitude towards the flu vaccine and psychological reactance. International Journal of Advertising. Advance online publication. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2020.1863065
- Lama, Y., Qin, Y., Nan, X., Knott, C., Adebamowo, C., Ntiri, S. O., & Wang, M. Q. (2021). Human papillomavirus vaccine acceptability and campaign message preferences among African American parents: A qualitative study. Journal of Cancer Education. Advance online publication. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-021-02014-1
- Lee, H., & Cameron, G. T. (2017). Utilizing audiovisual and gain-framed messages to attenuate psychological reactance toward weight management health messages. Health Communication, 32(1), 72–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1099506
- Lindley, M. C., Jeyarajah, J., Yankey, D., Curtis, C. R., Markowitz, L. E., & Stokley, S. (2016). Comparing human papillomavirus vaccine knowledge and intentions among parents of boys and girls. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 12(6), 1519–1527. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2016.1157673
- Miller, C. H., Lane, L. T., Deatrick, L. M., Young, A. M., & Potts, K. A. (2007). Psychological reactance and promotional health messages: The effects of controlling language, lexical concreteness, and the restoration of freedom. Human Communication Research, 33(2), 219–240. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00297.x
- Milloy, C. (2007, January 10). District’s HPV proposal tinged with ugly assumptions. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/09/AR2007010901780.html
- Moyer-Gusé, E., & Nabi, R. L. (2010). Explaining the effects of narrative in an entertainment television program: Overcoming resistance to persuasion. Human Communication Research, 36(1), 26–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2009.01367.x
- Nan, X. (2012a). Communicating to young adults about HPV vaccination: Consideration of message framing, motivation, and gender. Health Communication, 27(1), 10–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.567447
- Nan, X. (2012b). Relative persuasiveness of gain- versus loss-framed human papillomavirus vaccination messages for the present- and future-minded. Human Communication Research, 38(1), 72–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2011.01419.x
- Nan, X., Dahlstrom, M. F., Richards, A., & Rangarajan, S. (2015). Influence of evidence type and narrative type on HPV risk perception and intention to obtain the HPV vaccine. Health Communication, 30(3), 301–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.888629
- Nan, X., Daily, K., & Qin, Y. (2018). Relative persuasiveness of gain-vs. loss-framed messages: A review of theoretical perspectives and developing an integrative framework. Review of Communication, 18(4), 370–390. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2018.1519845
- Nan, X., Daily, K., Richards, A., Holt, C., Wang, M. Q., Tracy, K., & Qin, Y. (2019). The role of trust in health information from medical authorities in accepting the HPV vaccine among African American parents. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 15(7–8), 1723–1731. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1540825
- Nan, X., & Madden, K. (2012). HPV vaccine information in the blogosphere: How positive and negative blogs influence vaccine-related risk perceptions, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. Health Communication, 27(8), 829–836. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.661348
- Nan, X., Xie, B., & Madden, K. (2012). Acceptability of the H1N1 vaccine among older adults: The interplay of message framing and perceived vaccine safety and efficacy. Health Communication, 27(6), 559–568. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.617243
- Nan, X., Zhao, X., & Briones, R. (2014). Parental cancer beliefs and trust in health information from medical authorities as predictors of HPV vaccine acceptability. Journal of Health Communication, 19(1), 100–114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.811319
- Newman, P. A., Logie, C. H., Lacombe-Duncan, A., Baiden, P., Tepjan, S., Rubincam, C., … Asey, F. (2018). Parents’ uptake of human papillomavirus vaccines for their children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ Open, 8(4), e019206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019206
- O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2007). The relative persuasiveness of gain-framed loss-framed messages for encouraging disease prevention behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Health Communication, 12(7), 623–644. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730701615198
- O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2008). Do loss-framed persuasive messages engender greater message processing than do gain-framed messages? A meta-analytic review. Communication Studies, 59(1), 51–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970701849388
- O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2009). The relative persuasiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed messages for encouraging disease detection behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Communication, 59(2), 296–316. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01417.x
- O’Keefe, D. J., & Nan, X. (2012). The relative persuasiveness of gain- and loss-framed messages for promoting vaccination: A meta-analytic review. Health Communication, 27(8), 776–783. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.640974
- Penţa, M. A., & Băban, A. (2018). Message framing in vaccine communication: A systematic review of published literature. Health Communication, 33(3), 299–314. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1266574
- Quick, B. L. (2013). Perceived message sensation value and psychological reactance: A test of the dominant thought disruption hypothesis. Journal of Health Communication, 18(9), 1024–1038. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.768728
- Quick, B. L., & Bates, B. R. (2010). The use of gain‐ or loss‐frame messages and efficacy appeals to dissuade excessive alcohol consumption among college students: A test of psychological reactance theory. Journal of Health Communication, 15(6), 603–628. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2010.499593
- Quick, B. L., & Considine, J. R. (2008). Examining the use of forceful language when designing exercise advertisements for adults: A test of conceptualizing reactance arousal as a two-step process. Health Communication, 23(5), 483–491. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230802342150
- Quick, B. L., Kam, J. A., Morgan, S. E., Montero Liberona, C. A., & Smith, R. A. (2015). Prospect theory, discrete emotions, and freedom threats: An extension of psychological reactance theory. Journal of Communication, 65(1), 40–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12134
- Quick, B. L., & Kim, D. K. (2009). Examining reactance and reactance restoration with South Korean adolescents: A test of psychological reactance within a collectivist culture. Communication Research, 36(6), 765–782. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650290346797
- Quick, B. L., Shen, L., & Dillard, J. P. (2013). Reactance theory and persuasion. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen Eds., The SAGE handbook of persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (2nd, 167–183). SAGE. doi:https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218410.n11
- Rains, S. A. (2013). The nature of psychological reactance revisited: A meta-analytic review. Human Communication Research, 39(1), 47–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01443.x
- Ratcliff, C. L., Jensen, J. D., Scherr, C. L., Krakow, M., & Crossley, K. (2019). Loss/gain framing, dose, and reactance: A message experiment. Risk Analysis, 39(12), 2640–2652. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13379
- Reinhart, A. M., Marshall, H. M., Feeley, T. H., & Tutzauer, F. (2007). The persuasive effects of message framing in organ donation: The mediating role of psychological reactance. Communication Monographs, 74(2), 229–255. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750701397098
- Reynolds-Tylus, T. (2019). Psychological reactance and persuasive health communication: A review of the literature. Frontiers in Communication, 4, 56. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2019.00056/full
- Reynolds-Tylus, T., Bigsby, E., & Quick, B. L. (2020). A comparison of three approaches for measuring negative cognitions for psychological reactance. Communication Methods and Measures, 15(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1810647
- Richards, A. S., & Banas, J. A. (2015). Inoculating against reactance to persuasive health messages. Health Communication, 30(5), 451–460. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.867005
- Richards, A. S., & Banas, J. A. (2018). The opposing mediational effects of apprehensive threat and motivational threat when inoculating against reactance to health promotion. Southern Communication Journal, 83(4), 245–255. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2018.1498909
- Richards, A. S., Banas, J. A., & Magid, Y. (2017). More on inoculating against reactance to persuasive health messages: The paradox of threat. Health Communication, 32(7), 890–902. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.119410
- Richards, A. S., Bessarabova, E., Banas, J. A., & Bernard, D. R. (2020). Reducing psychological reactance to health promotion messages: Comparing preemptive and postscript mitigation strategies. Health Communication, 1–9. Advance online publication. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1839203
- Richards, A. S., Bessarabova, E., Banas, J. A., & Larsen, M. (2021). Freedom-prompting reactance mitigation strategies function differently across levels of trait reactance. Communication Quarterly, 69(3), 238–258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2021.1920443
- Schneider, T. R., Salovey, P., Apanovitch, A. M., Pizarro, J., McCarthy, D., Zullo, J., & Rothman, A. (2001). The effect of message framing and ethnic targeting on mammography use among low-income women. Health Psychology, 20(4), 256–266. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.20.4.256
- Seo, K., Dillard, J. P., & Shen, F. (2013). The effects of message framing and visual image on persuasion. Communication Quarterly, 61(5), 564–583. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2013.822403
- Shah, P. D., Calo, W. A., Gilkey, M. B., Boynton, M. H., Dailey, S. A., Todd, K. G., … Brewer, N. T. (2019). Questions and concerns about HPV vaccine: A communication experiment. Pediatrics, 143(2), e20181872. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-1872
- Shen, L. (2015). Antecedents to psychological reactance: The impact of threat, message frame, and choice. Health Communication, 30(10), 975–985. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.910882
- Shen, L., & Coles, V. B. (2015). Fear and psychological reactance. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 223(4), 225–235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000224
- Shen, L., & Dillard, J. P. (2007). The influence of BIS/BAS and message framing on the processing of persuasive health messages. Communication Research, 34(4), 433–467. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650207302787
- Soveri, A., Karlsson, L. C., Mäki, O., Antfolk, J., Waris, O., Karlsson, H., Karlsson, L., Lindfelt, M., & Lewandowskey, S. (2020). Trait reactance and trust in doctors as predictors of vaccination behavior, vaccine attitudes, and use of complementary and alternative medicine in parents of young children. PLoS ONE, 15(7), e0236527. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236527
- Sprengholz, P., & Betsch, C. (2020). Herd immunity communication counters detrimental effects of selective vaccination mandates: Experimental evidence. EClinicalMedicine, 22, 100352. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100352
- The Washington Times Editorial Board. (2007, January 11). Hold back knee-jerk reactions on HPV vaccine. The Washington Times. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/jan/11/20070111-112701-4364r/
- World Health Organization. (January 10, 2019) Ten threats to global health in 2019. https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in–2019
- Yu, N., & Shen, F. (2013). Benefits for me or risks for others: A cross culture investigation of the effects of message frames and cultural appeals. Health Communication, 28(2), 133–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.662147