Communicating Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Contamination to the Public Through Personal Relevance

References

• Abunada, Z., Alazaiza, M. Y., & Bashir, M. J. (2020). An overview of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment: Source, fate, risk and regulations. Water, 12(12), 3590. doi:10.3390/w12123590
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn, J., & Noh, G. Y. (2020). Determinants of environmental risk information seeking: An emphasis on institutional trust and personal control. Health, Risk & Society, 22(3–4), 214–230. doi:10.1080/13698575.2020.1813261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. A., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Corley, E. A. (2012). The role of media and deference to scientific authority in cultivating trust in sources of information about emerging technologies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 225–237. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edr032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arevalo, M., Brownstein, N. C., Whiting, J., Meade, C. D., Gwede, C. K., Vadaparampil, S. T., and Christy, S. M. (2022). Strategies and lessons learned during cleaning of data from research panel participants: Cross-sectional web-based health behavior survey study. JMIR Formative Research, 6(6), e35797. doi:10.2196/35797
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brossard, D., & Nisbet, M. C. (2007). Deference to scientific authority among a low information public: Understanding US opinion on agricultural biotechnology. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19(1), 24–52. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edl003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiken, S., Liberman, A., & Eagly, A. H. (1989). Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 215–252). New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, S., & Chaiken, S. (1999). The heuristic-systematic model in its broader context. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 73–96). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, Brace, & Janovich.
   Google Scholar
• Earle, T. C. (2004). Thinking aloud about trust: A protocol analysis of trust in risk management. Risk Analysis, 24(1), 169–183. doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00420.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earle, T. C., Siegrist, M., & Gutscher, H. (2010). Trust, risk perception and the TCC model of cooperation. In Trust in risk management (pp. 18–66). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, S., Andrews, D., Stoiber, T., & Naidenko, S. (2020). PFAS contamination of drinking water far more prevalent than previously reported. EWG. https://www.ewg.org/research/national-pfas-testing/
   Google Scholar
• Evich, M. G., Davis, M. J., McCord, J. P., Acrey, B., Awkerman, J. A., Knappe, D. R. … & Washington, J. W. (2022). Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment. Science, 375(6580), eabg9065. doi:10.1126/science.abg9065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felton, R. (2020). New PFAS compound in N.J. water may be more toxic than older one, regulators say. Consumer Reports. https://www.consumerreports.org/water-quality/new-pfas-compound-in-nj-water-may-be-more-toxic-than-older-one-regulators-say/
   Google Scholar
• Finucane, A., & Slovic, A.P., & Johnson, S. M. (2000). The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13(1), 1–17. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(200001/03)13:1<1:AID-BDM333>3.0.CO;2-S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewer, L. J. (2003). Trust, transparency, and social context: Implications for social amplification of risk. In N. F. Pidgeon, R. E. Kasperson, & P. Slovic (Eds.), The social amplification of risk (pp. 131–137). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frewer, L. J., Howard, C., Hedderley, D., & Shepherd, R. (1997). The elaboration likelihood model and communication about food risks. Risk Analysis, 17(6), 759–770. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb01281.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, S., & Petracca, E. (2022). Trust as the glue of cognitive institutions. Philosophical Psychology, 1–24. doi:10.1080/09515089.2022.2134767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauchat, G. (2012). Politicization of science in the public sphere: A study of public trust in the United States, 1974 to 2010. American Sociological Review, 77(2), 167–187. doi:10.1177/0003122412438225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, R. J., Dunwoody, S., & Neuwirth, K. (1999). Proposed model of the relationship of risk information seeking and processing to the development of preventive behaviors. Environmental Research, 80(2), S230–245. doi:10.1006/enrs.1998.3940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, R. J., Neuwirth, K., Dunwoody, S., & Giese, J. (2004). Information sufficiency and risk communication. Media Psychology, 6(1), 23–61. doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0601_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, R. J., Yang, Z., Ter Huurne, E., Boerner, F., Ortiz, S., & Dunwoody, S. (2008). After the flood: Anger, attribution, and the seeking of information. Science Communication, 29(3), 285–315. doi:10.1177/1075547007312309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, B. W., Tallapragada, M., Besley, J. C., & Yuan, S. (2019). The effects of the “war on science” frame on scientists’ credibility. Science Communication, 41(1), 90–112. doi:10.1177/1075547018822081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hmielowski, J. D., Donaway, R., & Wang, M. Y. (2019). Environmental risk information seeking: The differential roles of anxiety and hopelessness. Environmental Communication, 13(7), 894–908. doi:10.1080/17524032.2018.1500926
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Q. (2016). Institutional trust matters: Revisiting the ELM in the context of risk communication in China. [ Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
   Google Scholar
• Kahan, D. M., Braman, D., Slovic, P., Gastil, J., & Cohen, G. (2009). Cultural cognition of the risks and benefits of nanotechnology. Nature Nanotechnology, 4(2), 87–90. doi:10.1038/nnano.2008.341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahlor, L., Dunwoody, S., Griffin, R. J., & Neuwirth, K. (2006). Seeking and processing information about impersonal risk. Science Communication, 28(2), 163–194. doi:10.1177/1075547006293916
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahlor, L., Dunwoody, S., Griffin, R. J., Neuwirth, K., & Giese, J. (2003). Studying heuristic‐systematic processing of risk communication. Risk Analysis, 23(2), 355–368. doi:10.1111/1539-6924.00314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahlor, L., Yang, J. Z., Li, X., Wang, W., Olson, H. C., & Atkinson, L. (2020). Environmental risk (and benefit) information seeking intentions: The case of carbon capture and storage in Southeast Texas. Environmental Communication, 14(4), 555–572. doi:10.1080/17524032.2019.1699136
   Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kramm, J., Steinhoff, S., Werschmöller, S., Völker, B., & Völker, C. (2022). Explaining risk perception of microplastics: Results from a representative survey in Germany. Global Environmental Change, 73, 102485. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberman, A., & Chaiken, S. (1992). Defensive processing of personally relevant health messages. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(6), 669–679. doi:10.1177/0146167292186002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., & Yang, J. Z. (2021). In the wake of scandals: How media use and social trust influence risk perception and vaccination intention among Chinese parents. Health Communication, 36(10), 1188–1199. doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1748834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lujala, P., Lein, H., & Rød, J. K. (2015). Climate change, natural hazards, and risk perception: The role of proximity and personal experience. Local Environment, 20(4), 489–509. doi:10.1080/13549839.2014.887666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, H., Song, H., & McComas, K. (2021). Seeking information about enhanced geothermal systems: The role of fairness, uncertainty, systematic processing, and information engagement intentions. Renewable Energy, 169, 855–864. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney, C. (2012). The republican brain: The science of why they deny science–and reality. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Morton, T. A., & Duck, J. M. (2001). Communication and health beliefs: Mass and interpersonal influences on perceptions of risk to self and others. Communication Research, 28(5), 602–626. doi:10.1177/009365001028005002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mummolo, J., & Peterson, E. (2019). Demand effects in survey experiments: An empirical assessment. The American Political Science Review, 113(2), 517–529. doi:10.1017/S0003055418000837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L. (1999). A cognitive‐functional model for the effects of discrete negative emotions on information processing, attitude change, and recall. Communication Theory, 9(3), 292–320. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00172.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. (2002). Discrete emotions and persuasion. In J. P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 289–308). SAGE Publications, Inc. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412976046.n15
   Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L., Gustafson, A., & Jensen, R. (2018). Framing climate change: Exploring the role of emotion in generating advocacy behavior. Science Communication, 40(4), 442–468. doi:10.1177/1075547018776019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbet, M. C. (2009). Communicating climate change: Why frames matter for public engagement. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 51(2), 12–23. doi:10.3200/ENVT.51.2.12-23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’keefe, D. J. (2013). The elaboration likelihood model. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen The Sage handbook of persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 137–149). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Paek, H., & Hove, T. (2019). Mediating and moderating roles of trust in government in effective risk rumor management: A test case of radiation-contaminated seafood in South Korea. Risk Analysis, 39(12), 2653–2667. doi:10.1111/risa.13377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peer, E., Rothschild, D., Gordon, A., Evernden, Z., & Damer, E. (2022). Data quality of platforms and panels for online behavioral research. Behavior Research Methods, 54(4), 1643–1662. doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01694-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, R. G., Covello, V. T., & McCallum, D. B. (1997). The determinants of trust and credibility in environmental risk communication: An empirical study. Risk Analysis, 17(1), 43–54. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00842.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In R. E. Petty & J. T. Cacioppo (Eds.), Communication and persuasion (pp. 1–24). New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2020). Americans’ views of government: Low trust, but some positive performance rating. https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2020/09/14/americans-views-of-government-low-trust-but-some-positive-performance-ratings/
   Google Scholar
• Rucinski, D. (2004). Community boundedness, personal relevance, and the knowledge gap. Communication Research, 31(4), 472–495. doi:10.1177/0093650204266102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2013). Personally relevant climate change: The role of place attachment and local versus global message framing in engagement. Environment and Behavior, 45(1), 60–85. doi:10.1177/0013916511421196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (2003). Mood as information: 20 years later. Psychological Inquiry, 14(3–4), 296–303. doi:10.1080/1047840X.2003.9682896Siegrist
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M. (2021). Trust and risk perception: A critical review of the literature. Risk Analysis, 41(3), 480–490. doi:10.1111/risa.13325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M., Cvetkovich, G., & Roth, C. (2000). Salient value similarity, social trust, and risk/benefit perception. Risk Analysis, 20(3), 353–362. doi:10.1111/0272-4332.203034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P. (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 236(4799), 280–285. doi:10.1126/science.3563507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, & Peters, E. (2006). Risk perception and affect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(6), 322–325. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00461.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smerecnik, C. M., Mesters, I., Candel, M. J., De Vries, H., & De Vries, N. K. (2012). Risk perception and information processing: The development and validation of a questionnaire to assess self‐reported information processing. Risk Analysis, 32(1), 54–66. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01651.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(4), 813. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. W., Hitt, R., Russell, J., Nazione, S., Silk, K., Atkin, C. K., & Keating, D. (2017). Risk belief and attitude formation from translated scientific messages about PFOA, an environmental risk associated with breast cancer. Health Communication, 32(3), 279–287. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1138350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soane, E., Schubert, I., Lunn, R., & Pollard, S. (2015). The relationship between information processing style and information seeking, and its moderation by affect and perceived usefulness: Analysis vs. procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 72–78. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence, A., Poortinga, W., & Pidgeon, N. (2012). The psychological distance of climate change. Risk Analysis, 32(6), 957–972. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01695.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiedens, L. Z., & Linton, S. (2001). Judgment under emotional certainty and uncertainty: The effects of specific emotions on information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 973. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tortosa-Edo, V., López-Navarro, M. A., Llorens-Monzonís, J., & Rodriguez-Artola, R. M. (2014). The antecedent role of personal environmental values in the relationships among trust in companies, information processing and risk perception. Journal of Risk Research, 17(8), 1019–1035. doi:10.1080/13669877.2013.841726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440–463. doi:10.1037/a0018963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trumbo, C. W., & McComas, K. A. (2008). Institutional trust, information processing and perception of environmental cancer risk. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, 8(1/2), 61–76. doi:10.1504/IJGENVI.2008.017260
   Google Scholar
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (n.d.). Increasing our understanding of the health risks from PFAS and how to address them. https://www.epa.gov/pfas/increasing-our-understanding-health-risks-pfas-and-how-address-them
   Google Scholar
• Vinck, P., Pham, P., Bindu, K., Bedford, J., & Nilles, E. (2019). Institutional trust and misinformation in the response to the 2018–19 Ebola outbreak in North Kivu, DR Congo: A population based survey. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19(5), 529–536. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30063-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X. (2018). The role of personal experience and media exposure on personal and impersonal risk perceptions and policy support: The case of global warming. International International Journal of Global Warming, 16(3), 320–336. doi:10.1504/IJGW.2018.095387
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X., Zhou, X., Leesa, L., & Mantwill, S. (2018). The effect of vaccine literacy on parental trust and intention to vaccinate after a major vaccine scandal. Journal of Health Communication, 23(5), 413–421. doi:10.1080/10810730.2018.1455771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The White House. (2021). Fact sheet: Biden-Harris administration launches plan to combat PFAS pollution. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/18/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-launches-plan-to-combat-pfas-pollution/
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, T. D. (1997). Information behaviour: An interdisciplinary perspective. Information Processing & Management, 33(4), 551–572. doi:10.1016/S0306-4573(97)00028-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, T. D. (1999). Models in information behaviour research. Journal of Documentation, 55(3), 249–270. doi:10.1108/EUM0000000007145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J. Z. (2019). Whose risk? Why did the US public ignore information about the Ebola outbreak? Risk Analysis, 39(8), 1708–1722. doi:10.1111/risa.13282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhen, N., Barnett, J., & Webber, M. (2019). Trust and the risk of consuming polluted water in Shanghai, China. Journal of Risk Research, 22(1), 55–66. doi:10.1080/13669877.2017.1351469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zindel, H., Powers, M., Brown, P., & Cordner, A. (2021). State messaging on toxic chemical exposure: Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances and the individualization of risk on state websites in the United States. Environmental Communication, 15(8), 1001–1007. doi:10.1080/17524032.2021.1979619
   Google Scholar