US Nationwide Multi-City Media Coverage of COVID-19 Responses: Community Structure Theory, Belief System, and a “Violated Way of Life”

References

• Aleman, I. I., Mancho, A. C., & Segura-Anaya, S. (2023, May). Influence of the press in the digital environment: An analysis of the engagement of the twenty most widely read newspapers on twitter in Spain. Contratexto, 39, 41–72. doi:10.26439/contratexto2023.n39.6147
   Google Scholar
• Amarosa, D., Lembo, D., Nashad, K., Yacovacci, B., Pollock, J. C., & Bennett-Jones, B. (2021, April). Nationwide newspaper coverage of state and local government response to COVID-19: Community structure theory and political partisanship [Paper presented at the DC Health Communication Conference]. Fairfax, VA.
   Google Scholar
• Association of religion data archives (ARDA). (2020). https://www.thearda.com/
   Google Scholar
• Aziz, A., Islam, M. M., & Zakaria, M. (2020). COVID-19 exposes digital divide, social stigma, and information crisis in Bangladesh. Media Asia, 47(3–4), 144–151. doi:10.1080/01296612.2020.1843219
   Google Scholar
• Benson, R. (2013). Shaping immigration news: A French-American comparison. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Casero-Ripolles, A. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on the media system. Communicative and democratic consequences of news consumption during the outbreak. El profesional de la información, 29(2), e290223. doi:10.3145/epi.2020.mar.23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase, B. (2020, June 26). University of Chicago to assist with COVID-19 vaccine study. Chicago Sun-Times, para. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Claritas Segmentation & Market Solution. (2017). https://www.segmentationsolutions.nielson.com
   Google Scholar
• County and city extra: Annual metro, city, and county data book. (2018). Bernan Press
   Google Scholar
• D’Angelo, P. (Ed.). (2018). Doing news framing analysis II: Empirical and theoretical perspectives. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Demers, D., & Viswanath, K. (Eds.). (1999). Mass media, social control, and social change: A macrosocial perspective. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Donohue, G. A., Tichenor, P. J., & Olien, C. (1995). A guard dog perspective on the role of media. Journal of Communication, 45(2), 115–132. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1995.tb00732.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, M. J., & McCombs, M. (2017). Strangers on a theoretical train: Inter-media agenda setting, community structure, and local news coverage. Journalism Studies, 18(7), 845–865. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2015.1099460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, R. J., & Dunwoody, S. (1995). Impacts of information subsidies and community structure on local press coverage of environmental contamination. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 72(2), 271–284. Summer. doi:10.1177/107769909507200202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, R. J., & Dunwoody, S. (1997, June). Community structure and science framing of news about local environmental risks. Science Communication, 18(4), 362–384. doi:10.1177/1075547097018004005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock, L., & Tobias, A. (2020, May 16). No report yet on impact on minorities impact strike force studying coronavirus infections, deaths, minorities. The Plain Dealer.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, P. S. Chinn, S. & Soroka, S.(2020). Politicization and polarization in COVID-19 news coverage. Science Commuinication, 42(6), 679–697.
   Google Scholar
• Hindman, D. B. (1999). Social control, social change, and local mass media. In D. Demers & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Mass media, social control, and social change: A macrosocial perspective (pp. 99–116). Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Irwin, R. E. (2020, July 13). Misinformation and de-contextualization: International media reporting on Sweden and COVID-19. Globalization & Health, 16(1), 1–12. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00588-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamieson, T., & Van Belle, D. A. (2023, March). Resilience-focused journalism: The motivations, tactics, and impact of the Los Angeles Times coverage of earthquake risk. Environmental Communication, 17(2), 157–171. doi:10.1080/17524032.2019.1674895
   Google Scholar
• Kiernicki, K. Pollock, J. C. & Lavery, P.(2013). Nationwide newspaper coverage of universal healthcare: A community structure approach. In J. C. Pollock (Ed.), Media and social inequality: Innovations in community structure research (pp. 116–134). NY, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, E., Shepherd, M. E., & Clinton, J. D. (2020, September). The effect of big-city news on rural America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(36), 1–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.2009384117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, T. & Nan, X.(2023). A scoping review of emerging COVID-19 health communication research in communication and media journals. Health Communication, 38(12), 2570–2581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mach, K. J., Salas Reyes, R., Penz, B., Taylor, J., Costa, C. A., Rosella, L. C., & Klenk, N. (2021, September). News media coverage of COVID-19 public health and policy information. Humanities and Social Sciences Communication, 8(1), 1–11. doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00900-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masullo, G. M. Jennings, J. & Stroud, N. J.(2022). “Crisis coverage gap”: The divide between public interest and local news’ Facebook posts about COVID-19 in the United States. Digital Jouirnalism, 10(6), 1037–1058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod, D. M., & Hertog, J. K. (1992). The manufacture of `Public opinion’ by reporters: Informal cues for public perceptions of protest groups. Discourse & Society, 3(3), 259–275. doi:10.1177/0957926592003003001
   Google Scholar
• Pathak, R., Agarwalla, R., & Gupta, S. (2020). Infodemics of COVID-19: The role and impact of media. Journal of Comprehensive Health, 8(2), 1–5. doi:10.53553/JCH.v08i02.003
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, J. C. (2007). Tilted mirrors: Media alignment with political and social change-A community structure approach. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, J. C. (2013a). Community structure research. In P. Moy (Ed.), Oxford bibliographies online (pp. 1–27). London and New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, J. C. (Ed.). (2013b). Media and social inequality: Innovations in community structure research. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, J. C. (2015a). Community structure model. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Communication, III (pp. 870–873). London & New York: Wiley-Blackwell Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, J. C. (Ed.). (2015b). Journalism and human rights: How demographics drive media coverage. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, J. C.(2023). Preface. In D. A. Vakoch, J. C. Pollock, & A. M. Caleb (Eds.), COVID communication: Exploring pandemic discourse. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, J. C., Buonauro, B., Hosonitz, A., Kordomenos, C., Phelan, C., & Salmon, M. (2017). Nationwide newspaper coverage of transgender rights: A community structure approach [ Paper presentation]. Conference of the International Communication Association, San Diego, CA
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, J. C., Crowley, M., Govindarajan, S., Lewis, A., Marta, A., Purandare, R., & Sparano, J. N. (2021). US nationwide coronavirus newspaper coverage of state and local government responses: Community structure theory and community “vulnerability. In J. C. Pollock & D. Kovach (Eds.), COVID-19 in international media: Global pandemic responses (pp. 182–195). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, J. C., Govindarajan, S., Marta, A., Sparano, J. N., Crowley, M., Lewis, A., & Purandare, R. (2020, July). US nationwide coronavirus newspaper coverage of federal/national government responses: Community structure theory and a “violated buffer”. Trípodos, 1(47), 27–47. doi:10.51698/tripodos.2020.47p27-48
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, J. C., Gratale, S., Teta, K., Bauer, K., & Hoekstra, E. (2014). Nationwide newspaper coverage of immigration reform: A community structure approach. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 22(3–4), 259–274. doi:10.1080/15456870.2014.917311
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, J. C., Robinson, J. L., & Murray, M. C. (1978). Media agendas and human rights: The Supreme Court decision on abortion. Journalism Quarterly, 53(3), 545–548, 561. doi:10.1177/107769907805500317
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, J. C., & Storey, D. (2012). Comparing health communication. In F. Esser & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), Handbook of comparative communication research (pp. 161–184). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schudson, M. (2008). Why democracies need an unlovable press. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Seaman, J. (2020, June 10). New coronavirus cases in Colorado remain low. The Denver Post, 1
   Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, P., & Reese, S. D. (2014). Mediating the message in the 21st century: A media sociology perspective. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Singer, J. B. (2013). The ethical implications of an elite press. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 28(3), 203–216. doi:10.1080/08900523.2013.802163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait, M. E. Bogucki, C. Baum, L. Fowler, E. F. Niederdeppe, J. & Gollust, S. E.(2023). News media coverage of childcare: How US local TV news framed the problem before and during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tichenor, P. J., Donohue, G., & Olien, C. (1973). Mass communication research: Evolution of a structural model. Journalism Quarterly, 50(3), 419–425. doi:10.1177/107769907305000301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tichenor, P. J., Donohue, G., & Olien, C. (1980). Community conflict and the press. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Tumber, H. (2000). Introduction: Academic at work. In H. Tumber (Ed.), Media power, professionals, and policies (pp. 1–12). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tyson, A. (2020, July 22). Republicans Remain Far Less Likely Than Democrats to View COVID-19 as a Major Threat to Public Health. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/07/22/republicans-remain-far-less-likely-than-democrats-to-view-covid-19-as-a-major-threat-to-public-health/
   Google Scholar
• Vales, V., Pollock, J. C., Scarfone, V., Koziol, C., Wilson, A., & Flanagan, P. (2014, September). Nationwide US newspaper coverage of same-sex marriage: A community structure approach. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 22(3/4), 22–244. doi:10.1080/15456870.2014.917309
   Google Scholar
• Viswanath, K., Lee, E. W. J., & Pinnamaneni, R. (2020). We need the lens of equity in COVID-19 communication. Health Communication, 35(14), 1743–1746. doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1837445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waisbord, S. (Ed.). (2014). Media sociology: A reappraisal. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, B., & Riffe, D. (2013). Structural determinants of local public affairs place blogging: Structural pluralism and community stress. In J. C. Pollock (Ed.), Media and social inequality: Innovations in community structure research (pp. 91–116). London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Situation Report – 75) [Data set]. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200404-sitrep-75-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=99251b2b_4
   Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., Farkouh, E. K., Dunetz, C. A., Varanasi, S. L., Mathews, S., and Niederdeppe, J. (2023). Local TV news coverage of racial disparities in COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic, march-june, 2020. Race and Social Problems, 15(2), 201­–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, M. (2013). Mass media as a macrolevel source of social control: A new direction in the community structure model. In J. C. Pollock (Ed.), Media and social inequality: Innovations in community structure research (pp. 53–70). London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Zelizer, B. (2004). Taking journalism seriously: News and the academy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Zinck, K., Rogers, M., Pollock, J. C., & Salvatore, M. (2014). Nationwide US multicity newspaper coverage of detainee rights at Guantanamo Bay: A community structure approach. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 22(3–4), 245–258. doi:10.1080/15456870.2014.917310
   Google Scholar