Health Communication in Multilingual Contexts: A Study of Reading Preferences, Practices, and Proficiencies Among Literate Adults in Zambia

References

• Abu-Rabia , S. & Siegle , L. S. ( 2002 ). Reading, syntactic, orthographic, and working memory skills of bilingual Arabic-English speaking Canadian children . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 31 , 661 – 678 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au , K. H. ( 1995 ). Multicultural perspectives on literacy research . Journal of Reading Behavior , 27 ( 1 ), 85 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Berland , G. , Morales , L. , Elliott , M. , Algazy , J. , Kravitz , R. , et al. . ( 2001 ). Evaluation of English and Spanish health information on the Internet . Journal of the American Medical Association , 285 , 2612 – 2621 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell , J. C. ( 1986 ). Routes to low mortality in poor countries . Population Development Review , 12 , 171 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Central Statistics Office [Zambia], Central Board of Health [Zambia], and ORC Macro . ( 2003 ). Zambia Demographic & Health Survey 2001–2002 . Calverton , MD : Central Statistical Office, Central Board of Health and ORC Macro .
   Google Scholar
• Chanda , V. M. ( 1998 ). LICCA Country report for Zambia . In R. Mekana & S. D'holt (Eds.), Prospects for sociolinguistic research in Africa. Research Paper No. 6 Languages in Contact and Conflict in Africa (LICCA Country Reports) . Duisburg , Germany : University of Duisburg, Linguistic Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Cummins , J. ( 1979 ). Linguistic interdependence and the educational development of bilingual children . Review of Educational Research , 49 ( 2 ), 222 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins , J. ( 1991 ). Interdependence of first- and second-language proficiency in bilingual children . In E. Bialystok (Ed.), Language processing in bilingual children (pp. 70 – 89 ). New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , T. C. , Crouch , M. A. , Wills , G. , Miller , S. , & Abdehou , D. M. ( 1990 ). The gap between patient reading comprehension and the readability of patient education materials . The Journal of Family Practice , 31 ( 5 ), 533 – 538 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dochy , F. , Segers , M. , & Buehl , M. ( 1999 ). The relation between assessment practices, and outcomes of studies: The case of research on prior knowledge . Review of Education Research , 69 , 145 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droop , L. & Verhoeven , L. ( 1998 ). Background knowledge, linguistic complexity, and second-language reading comprehension . Journal of Literacy Research , 30 ( 2 ), 253 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy , T. M. ( 1985 ). Readability formulas: What's the use? In T. M. Duffy & R. Waller (Eds.), Designing usable texts (pp. 113 – 143 ). Orlando , FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Durgunoglu , A. Y. ( 2002 ). Cross-linguistic transfer in literacy development and implications for language learners . Annals of Dyslexia , 52 , 189 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durgunoglu , A. Y. , Nagy , W. E. , & Hancin-Bhatt , B. J. ( 1993 ). Cross-language transfer of phonological awareness . Journal of Educational Psychology , 85 ( 3 ): 453 – 465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durgunoglu , A. Y. & Oney , B. ( 2000 ). Literacy development in two languages: Cognitive and sociolcultural dimensions of cross-language transfer . Proceedings: A Research Symposium on High Standards in Reading for Students from Diverse Language Groups: Research, Practice & Policy . Washington , DC : Department of Education .
   Google Scholar
• Freire , P. ( 1970 ). Pedagogy of the oppressed . New York : Continuum .
   Google Scholar
• Gal , I. & Prigat , A. ( 2005 ). Why organizations continue to create patient information leaflets with readability and usability problems: An exploratory study . Health Education Research , 20 ( 4 ), 485 – 493 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazmararian , J. A. , Parker , R. M. , & Baker , D. W. ( 1999 ). Reading skills and family planning knowledge and practices in a low-income managed-care population . Obstetrics & Gynecology , 93 , 239 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottardo , A. , Yan , B. , Siegel , L. S. , & Wade-Woolley , L. ( 2001 ). Factors related to English reading performance in children with Chinese as a first language: More evidence of cross-language transfer of phonological processing . Journal of Educational Psychology , 93 , 530 – 542 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosse , R. N. & Auffrey , C. (1989). Literacy & health status in developing countries. Annual Review of Public Health , 10, 281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidry , J. J. , Fagan , P. , & Walker , V. ( 1998 ). Cultural sensitivity and readability of breast and prostate printed cancer education materials targeting African Americans . National Medical Association , 90 ( 3 ), 165 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancinbhatt , B. & Nagy , W. ( 1994 ). Lexical transfer and second language morphological development . Applied Psycholinguistics , 15 , 289 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Horner , S. D. , Surratt , D. , & Juliusson , S. ( 2000 ). Improving readability of patient education materials . Journal of Community Health Nursing , 17 ( 1 ), 15 – 23 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson , P. ( 1981 ). Effects on reading comprehension of language complexity and cultural background knowledge of a text . TESOL Quarterly , 15 , 169 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalichman , S. C. & Rompa , D. ( 2000 ). Functional health literacy is associated with health status and health-related knowledge in people living with HIV-AIDS . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 25 ( 4 ), 337 – 344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashoki , M. E. ( 1990 ). The factor of language in Zambia . Zambia : Kenneth Kaunda Foundation in Zambia .
   Google Scholar
• Kashoki , M. E. ( 1992 , September ). Language policy in multilingual countries vis-à-vis language maintenance, language shift and language death . Paper presented at a colloquium jointly organized by Philosophy and Humanistic Studies (PHS) and UNESCO on the theme “Life or Disappearance of Language, in particular in Africa,” Harare , Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• Kashoki , M. E. ( 2003 ). Language policy formulation in multilingual southern Africa . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 24 ( 3 ), 184 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Kickbusch , I. ( 1997 ). Think health: What makes the difference? Health Promotion International , 12 , 265 – 272 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch , I. S. , Jungeblut , A. , Jenkins , L. , & Kolstad , A. ( 1993 ). Executive summary of adult literacy in America: A first look at the results of the National Adult Literacy Survey . Retrieved July 19, 2005, from http://nces.ed.gov//naal/resources/execsumm.asp
   Google Scholar
• Kozol , J. ( 1985 ). Illiterate America . New York : Anchor Press/Doubleday .
   Google Scholar
• Mbananga , N. & Becker , P. ( 2002 ). Use of technology in reproductive health information designed for communities in South Africa . Health Education Research , 17 ( 2 ), 195 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride-Chang , C. & Kail , R. V. ( 2002 ). Cross-cultural similarities in the predictors of reading acquisition . Child Development , 73 , 1392 – 1407 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren , P. L. ( 1988 ). Culture or canon? Critical pedagogy and the politics of literacy . Harvard Educational Review , 58 ( 2 ), 213 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education, Zambia . ( 1996 ). Educating our future: The national policy on education . Lusaka , Zambia : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Nassaji , H. ( 2003 ). Higher-level and lower-level text processing skills in advanced ESL reading comprehension . The Modern Language Journal , 87 ( 2 ), 261 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute . ( 2003 ). Clear & simple: Developing effective print materials for low-literate readers . Retrieved 31 August 2005, from http://www.nci.nih.gov/cancerinformation/clearandsimple
   Google Scholar
• National Work Group on Literacy and Health . ( 1998 ). Communicating with patients who have limited literacy skills: Report of the National Work Group on Literacy and Health . Journal of Family Practice , 46 , 168 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutbeam , D. ( 1998 ). Health promotion glossary . Health Promotion International , 13 , 349 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutbeam , D. ( 2000 ). Health literacy as a public health goal: A challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies in the 21st century . Health Promotion International , 15 ( 3 ), 259 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh , N. S. , Parker , R. M. , Nurss , J. R. , Baker , D. W. , & Williams , M. V. ( 1996 ). Shame and health literacy: The unspoken connection . Patient Education and Counseling , 27 , 33 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , R. ( 2000 ). Health literacy: A challenge for American patients and their health care providers . Health Promotion International , 15 ( 4 ), 277 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , R. M. , Baker , D. W. , Williams , M. V. , & Nurss , J. R. (1995). The test of functional health literacy in adults: A new instrument for measuring patients' literacy skills. Journal of General Internal Medicine , 10(10), 537–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittman , T. J. & The MGH Patient Education Committee . ( 2005 ). Health literacy and patient education . Retrieved 31 August 2005, from http://pcs.mgh.harvard.edu/CCPD/Nursing_Research/Posters/Health_Literacy.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ratzan , S. & Parker , R. ( 1999 ). Introduction. Current bibliographies in medicine 2000-1: Health literacy January 1990 through October 1999 (pp. v – vi ). Bethesda , MD : National Library of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Ratzan , S. C. ( 2001 ). Health literacy: Communication for the public good . Health Promotion International , 16 , 207 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Republic of Zambia . ( 2000 ). Census of population and housing . Lusaka : Zambia Central Statistics Office .
   Google Scholar
• Selden , C. R. , Zorn , M. , Ratzan , S. C. , & Parker , R. M. ( 2000 ). Health literacy (bibliography online) . Current Bibliographies in Medicine, 2000-1. Retrieved July 17, 2005, from www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/hliteracy.html
   Google Scholar
• Singh J. ( 2000 ). The readability of HIV/AIDS education materials . AIDS Education and Prevention , 12 ( 3 ), 214 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , H. , Gooding , S. , Brown , R. , & Frew , A. ( 1998 ). Evaluation of readability and accuracy of information leaflets in general practice for patients with asthma . British Medical Journal , 317 , 264 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuebing , K. W. ( 1997 ). Maternal schooling and comprehension of child health information in urban Zambia: Is literacy a missing link in the maternal schooling–child health relationship? Health Transition Review , 7 , 149 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Tozcu , A. & Coady , J. ( 2003 ). Development of biliteracy skills in Turkish and Armenian: Bilingual development of Armenians in Turkey . International Journal of Society and Language , 164 , 151 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Verhoeven , L. ( 1994 ). Transfer in bilingual development: The linguistic interdependency hypothesis revisited . Language Learning , 44 , 381 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoeven , L. ( 2000 ). Components in early second language reading and spelling . Scientific Studies of Reading , 4 ( 4 ), 313 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Walter , P. ( 1999 ). Defining literacy and its consequences in the developing world . International Journal of Lifelong Education , 18 ( 1 ), 31 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , R. ( 1991 ). Linguistic diversity and reading in American society . In R. Barr , M. L. Kamil , P. Mosenthal , & P. D. Pearson (Eds.), Handbook of reading research (pp. 97 – 119 ). New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , E. ( 1996 ). Reading in two languages at year five in African primary schools . Applied Linguistics , 17 ( 2 ), 182 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , M. V. , Parker , R. M. , Baker , D.W. , Parikh , N. S. , Pitkin , K. , Coates , W. C. & Nurss , J. R. ( 1995 ). Inadequate functional health literacy among patients at two public hospitals . JAMA , 274 , 1677 – 1682 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar