Long-term trends in living alone in later life in the United States, 1850-2015

References

• Angel, R., & Tienda, M. (1982). Determinants of extended household structure: Cultural pattern or economic need? American Journal of Sociology, 87, 1360–1383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beard, V. A., & Kunharibowo, Y. (2001). Living arrangements and support relationships among Elderly Indonesians: Case studies from java and sumatra. International Journal of Population Geography, 7(1), 17–33.
   Google Scholar
• Blinder, A. S. (1973). Wage discrimination: Reduced form and structural variables. Journal of Human Resources, 8, 436–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt, J., Inklaar, R., de Jong, H., & van Zanden, J. L. (2018). Rebasing ‘Maddison’: New income comparisons and the shape of long-run economic development (Maddison Project Working paper 10). Groningen: University of Groningen, Groningen Growth and Development Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Bongaarts, J., & Zimmer, Z. (2002). Living arrangements of older adults in the developing world: An analysis of demographic and health survey household surveys. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57B(3), S145–157.
   Google Scholar
• Burr, J. A., & Mutchler, J. E. (1993). Ethnic living arrangements: cultural convergence or cultural minifestation? Social Forces, 72(1), 169–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, L. (2000). The residency decision of elderly Indonesians: A nested logit analysis. Demography, 37, 17–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castiello, M., Del Barrio, É., Castejon, P., Tortosa, M., Sundström, G., Malmberg, B., & Johansson, L. (2008). Family care for elders in Europe : Policies and practices. In M. Szinovacz. & A. Davey (Eds.), Caregiving contexts. Cultural, familial, and societal implications (pp. 235–267). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, D. L. (1997). Displacing the family: Union army pensions and elderly living arrangements. Journal of Political Economy, 6, 1269–1292.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, D. L. (1999). A house of her own: Old age assistance and the living arrangements of older nonmarried women. Journal of Public Economics, 72, 39–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elman, C. (1998). Intergenerational Household Structure and Economic Change at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Journal of Family History, 23, 417–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhardt, G. V., Gruber, J., & Perry, C. D. (2005). Social security and elderly living arrangements: Evidence from the social security notch. Journal of Human Resources, 40, 354–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteve, A., Reher, D., Treviño, R., Zueras, P., & Turu, A. (2020). Cross-national variations in living alone over the life-course: Comparative perspectives on an emerging issue. Population and Development Review, in press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairlie, R. W. (1999). The absence of the African-American owned business: An analysis of the dynamics of self-employment. Journal of Labor Economics, 17, 80–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairlie, R. W. (2005). An extension of the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition technique to logit and probit models. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement, 30, 305–316.
   Google Scholar
• Gaymu, J., Delbès, C., Springer, S., Binet, A., Désquelles, A., Kalogirou, S., & Ziegler, U. (2006). Determinants of the living arrangements of older people in Europe. European Journal of Population, 22, 241–262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldscheider, F. K., Bernhardt, E., & Lappegård, T. (2015). The gender revolution: A framework for understanding changing family and demographic behavior. Population and Development Review, 41(2), 207–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldscheider, F. K., & Lawton, L. (1998). Family experiences and the erosion of support for intergenerational coresidence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 623–632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haber, C., & Gratton, B. (1994). Old age and the search for security: An American social history. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Iacovou, M. (2000). Health, wealth and progeny: Explaining the living arrangements of older European Women (Paper 8). Essex, UK: Institute for Social and Economic Research, Essex University.
   Google Scholar
• Iacovou, M., & Skew, A. J. (2011). Household composition across the new Europe: Where do the new member States fit in? Demographic Research, 25(14), 465–490.
   Google Scholar
• Isengard, B., & Szydlik, M. (2012). Living apart (or) together? Coresidence of elderly parents and their adult children in Europe. Research on Aging, 34, 449–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaida, L., Moyser, M., & Park, S. (2009). Cultural preferences and economic constraints: The living arrangements of Elderly Canadians. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement, 28(4), 303–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keilman, N., & Christiansen, S. (2010). Norwegian elderly less likely to live alone in the future. European Journal of Population, 26, 47–72.
   Google Scholar
• Kobrin, F. E. (1973). Household headship and its changes in the United States, 1940-1960, 1970. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 68, 793–800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobrin, F. E. (1976). Fall of household size and the rise of the primary individual in the U. S. Demography, 13, 127–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koropeckyj-Cox, T., & Call, V. R. A. (2007). Characteristics of older childless persons and parents. Cross-national comparisons. Journal of Family Issues, 28(10), 1362–1414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramarow, E. (1995). Living alone among the Elderly in the United States: Historical perspectives on household change. Demography, 32, 335–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesthaeghe, R. (1983). A century of demographic and cultural change in Western Europe: An exploration of underlying dimensions. Population and Development Review, 9, 411–435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Sherlock, P. (2002). Social policy and population ageing: Challenges for north and south. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(4), 754–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macunovich, D. J., Easterlin, R. A., Schaeffer, C. M., & Crimmins, E. M. (1995). Echoes of the baby boom and bust: Recent and prospective changes in living alone among elderly widows in the United States. Demography, 32(1), 17–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGarry, K., & Schoeni, R. F. (2000). Social security, economic growth, and the rise in elderly widow’s independence in the twentieth century. Demography, 37, 221–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael, R. T., Fuchs, V. R., & Scott, S. R. (1980). Changes in the propensity to live alone: 1950-1976. Demography, 17, 39–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2015). The integration of immigrants into American society. Washington DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/21746
   Google Scholar
• Nimkoff, M. F. (1962). Changing family relationships of older people in the United States during the last fifty years. In C. Tibbitts & W. Donahue (Eds.), Social and psychological aspects of aging (pp. 405–414). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oaxaca, R. L. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review, 14, 693–709.
   Google Scholar
• Padyab, M., Reher, D., Requena, M., & Sandström, G. (2019). Going it alone in later life: A comparative analysis of elderly women in Sweden and Spain. Journal of Family Issues, 40(8), 1038–1064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palloni, A. (2001). Living arrangements of older persons. In United Nations (Ed.), Living arrangements of older persons: Critical issues and policy responses (pp. 54–110). Population Bulletin of the United Nations, Special Issues 42/43. New York. NY: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Pampel, F. C. (1983). Changes in the propensity to live alone: Evidence from consecutive cross-sectional surveys, 1960-1976. Demography, 20, 433–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peek, C. W., Koropeckyj-Cox, T., Zsembik, B. A., & Coward, R. T. (2004). Race comparisons of the household dynamics of older adults. Research on Aging, 26(2), 179–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reher, D. (1998). Family ties in Western Europe: Persistent contrasts. Population and Development Review, 24, 203–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reher, D. (2011). Economic and social implications of the demographic transition. Population and Development Review, 37(Supplement), 11–33.
   Google Scholar
• Reher, D. (2015). Baby booms, busts, and population ageing in the developed world. Population Studies, 69(Suppl. 1), S57–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reher, D. (2019). The Aftermath of the demographic transition in the developed world: Interpreting enduring disparities in reproductive behavior. Population and Development Review. published online. doi:10.1111/padr.12266.
   Google Scholar
• Reher, D., & Requena, M. (2015). The mid-twentieth century fertility boom from a global perspective. The History of the Family, 20, 420–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reher, D., & Requena, M. (2017). Elderly women living alone in Spain: The importance of having children. European Journal of Ageing, 14, 311–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reher, D., & Requena, M. (2018). Living alone in later life. A global perspective. Population and Development Review, 44, 427–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Requena, M., Reher, D., Padyab, M., & Sandström, G. (2019). Women living alone in later life. A multi-country comparative analysis. Population, Space and Place, e2269. doi:10.1002/psp.2269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roosevelt, W., Mindel, C. H., Van Tran, T., & Habenstein, R. W. (2012). Ethnic families in America: Patterns and variations (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Ruggles, S. (1996). Living arrangements of the Elderly in America, 1880–1980. In T. K. Hareven (Ed.), Aging and generational relations over the life course: A historical and cross-cultural perspective (pp. 254–271). Berlin: de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Ruggles, S. (2004). The transformation of American family structure. American Historical Review, 99, 103–128.
   Google Scholar
• Ruggles, S. (2007). The decline of intergenerational coresidence in the United States, 1850 to 2000. American Sociological Review, 72(35), 249–273.
   Google Scholar
• Ruggles, S. (2009). Reconsidering the Northwest European family system: Living arrangements of the aged in comparative historical perspective. Population and Development Review, 35, 249–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggles, S., & Brower, S. (2003). Measurement of household and family composition in the United States, 1850-2000. Population and Development Review, 29(1), 73–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggles, S., Flood, S., Goeken, R., Grover, J., Meyer, E., Pacas, J., & Sobek, M. (2019). IPUMS USA: Version 9.0 [dataset]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS. doi:10.18128/D010.V9.0
   Google Scholar
• Ruggles, S., & Heggeness, M. (2008). Intergenerational coresidence in developing countries. Population and Development Review, 34, 253–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, D. S. (1986). Accounting for change in the families of the Elderly in the United States, 1900–present. In D. Van Tassel & P. N. Stearns (Eds.), Old age in a bureaucratic society: The elderly, the experts, and the state in American history (pp. 87–109). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D. S. (1992). The meanings of family and household: Change and continuity in the mirror of the American census. Population and Development Review, 18, 421–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snell, K. D. M. (2017). The rise of living alone and loneliness in history. Social History, 42(1), 2–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szołtysek, M., Ogórek, B., Poniat, R., & Gruber, S. (2019a). “One size does not fit all”: Spatial nonstationarity in the determinants of elderly residential isolation in historical Europe. Population, Space and Place, 25, e2242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szołtysek, M, Ogórek, B, Poniat, R, & Gruber, S. (2019b). Making a place for space: a demographic spatial perspective on living arrangements among the elderly in historical europe. European Journal Of Population. doi: 10.1007/s10680-019-09520-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K., & Wister, A. (1984). Living arrangements of older women: The ethnic dimension. Journal of Marriage and Family, 46(2), 301–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, A. (2001). The developmenta1 paradigm, reading history sideways, and family change. Demography, 38, 449–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend, P. (1981). The structured dependency of the elderly: The creation of social policy in the twentieth century. Ageing and Society, 1, 5–28.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Commerce. (1975). Bicentennial edition: Historical statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. Washington DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2005). Living arrangements of older persons around the world. New York, NY: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Van Bavel, J. (2010). Subreplacement fertility in the west before the baby boom: Past and current perspectives. Population Studies, 64(1), 1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bavel, J., & Reher, D. (2013). The baby boom and its causes: What we know and what we need to know. Population and Development Revue, 39(2), 257–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Eeuwijk, P. (2014). The elderly providing care for the elderly in Tanzania and Indonesia: Making ‘elder to elder’ care visible. Sociologus, 64(1), 29–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wejnert, B., & Djumabaeva, A. (2005). From patriarchy to egalitarianism: Parenting roles in democratizing Poland and Kyrgyzstan. Marriage & Family Review, 36, 147–171.
   Google Scholar
• Wister, A. V., & Burch, T. K. (1983). Fertility and household status of older women, Canada, 1971. Canadian Studies in Population, 10, 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, D. A. (1994). The elderly and their kin: Patterns of availability and access. In National Research Council (Ed.), Demography of aging (pp. 146–194). Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, D. A. (1995). Changes in the living arrangements of older women: An international study. The Gerontologist, 35, 724–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, D. A., & Soldo, B. J. (1988). Household composition choices of older unmarried women. Demography, 25, 387–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zueras, P., & Miret, P. (2013). Mayores que viven solos: Una panorámica a partir de los censos de 1991 y 2001 [Old people who live alone: An overview based on the 1991 and 2001 censuses]. Revista Española De Investigaciones Sociológicas, 144, 139–152.
   Google Scholar