References
- Akers, D. S. (1967). On measuring the marriage squeeze. Demography, 4(2), 907–924. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060328
- Alm Stenflo, G. (1994). Demographic description of the Skellefteå and Sundsvall regions during the 19th century. Demographic Data Base [Demografiska databasen].
- Atkinson, M. P., & Glass, B. L. (1985). Marital age heterogamy and homogamy, 1900 to 1980. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47(3), 685–691. https://doi.org/10.2307/352269
- Barclay, G. W. (1954). Colonial development and population in Taiwan. Princeton University Press.
- Bergstrom, T. C., & Bagnoli, M. (1993). Courtship as a waiting game. Journal of Political Economy, 101(1), 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1086/261871
- Bozon, M. (1991). Women and the age gap between spouses: An accepted domination? Population (English Edition), 3, 113–148. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2949134.
- Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00023992
- Carmichael, S. (2011). Marriage and power: Age at first marriage and spousal age gap in lesser developed countries. The History of the Family, 16(4), 416–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hisfam.2011.08.002
- Casterline, J. B., Williams, L., & McDonald, P. (1986). The age difference between spouses: Variations among developing countries. Population Studies, 40(3), 353–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000142296
- Chen, S.-H. (1979). Demographic transition and social change in Taiwan (in Chinese). Linking Publishing Company. [陳紹馨, 1979, 《台灣的人口變遷與社會變遷》, 台北:聯經出版社。].
- Cheng, Y.-h. A. & Yang, C.-l. W. (2021). Continuity and Changes in Attitudes toward Marriage in Contemporary Taiwan. Journal of Population Research, 38(2), 139-167. doi: 10.1007/s12546-021-09259-z.
- Cheng, Y.-h. A. (2020a). Ultra-low fertility in East Asia: Confucianism and its discontents. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 18, 83–120. doi: 10.1553/populationyearbook2020.rev01.
- Cheng, Y.-h. A. (2020b). The changing face of premarital intimate relationships in Taiwan [Unpublished manuscript]. Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica.
- Davis, K. (1963). The theory of change and response in modern demographic history. Population Index, 29(4), 345–366. doi: 10.4324/9780203787724-24.
- De Moor, T., & Van Zanden, J. L. (2010). Girl power: the European marriage pattern and labour markets in the North Sea region in the late medieval and early modern period. The Economic History Review, 63(1), 1–33. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00483.x
- DGBAS. (1987–2010). Yearbook of manpower survey statistics: 1987–2010. Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan.
- Dilli, S., Rijpma, A., & Carmichael, S. G. (2015). Achieving gender equality: Development versus historical legacies. CESifo Economic Studies, 61(1), 301–334. https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifu027
- Dribe, M. (2000). Leaving home in a peasant society. Economic fluctuations, household dynamics and youth migration in Southern Sweden. Almqvist & Wiksell International.
- Dribe, M., & Stanfors, M. (2017). Age homogamy and modernization: Evidence from turn-of-the-twentieth-century Sweden. Essays in Economic & Business History, 35(1), 265–289. https://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/ebhs/article/view/62.
- Engelen, T., & Wolf, A. P. (2005). Marriage and the family in Eurasia: Perspectives on the Hajnal hypothesis. Aksant Academic Publishers.
- Engelen, T. L., & Hsieh, Y.-H. (2007). Nupitality: One concept, two realities. In T. Engelen & Y.-H. Hsieh (Eds.), Two cities, one life: Marriage and fertility in Lugang and Nijmegen (pp. 53–80). Akstant.
- England, P., & McClintock, E. A. (2009). The gendered double standard of aging in US marriage markets. Population and Development Review, 35(4), 797–816. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00309.x
- Esteve, A., Cortina, C., & Cabré, A. (2009). Long term trends in marital age homogamy patterns: Spain, 1922–2006. Population, 64(1), 173–201. https://doi.org/10.3917/pope.901.0173
- Gietel-Basten, S. A. (2019). The population problem in Pacific Asia. Oxford University Press.
- Goode, W. J. (1963). World revolution and family patterns. Free press of Glencoe.
- Goody, J. (1996). The East in the West. Cambridge University Press.
- Hajnal, J. (1965). European marriage patterns in perspective. In D. V. Glass & D. E. C. Eversley (Eds.), Population in history (pp. 101–144). Edward Arnold.
- Hancock, R., Stuchbury, R., & Tomassini, C. (2003). Changes in the distribution of marital age differences in England and Wales, 1963 to 1998. Population Trends, 114, 19–25.
- Hendrickx, F. (2005). West of the Hajnal line: North-western Europe. In E. A. Wolf (Ed.), Marriage and the family in Eurasia (pp. 73–103). Aksant.
- Holland, J. A. (2013). Love, marriage, then the baby carriage? Marriage timing and childbearing in Sweden. Demographic Research, 29, 275–306. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2013.29.11
- Hopkins, M. K. (1965). The age of Roman girls at marriage. Population Studies, 18(3), 309–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.1965.10405456
- Jackson, S., Liu, J., & Woo, J. (2013). East Asian sexualities: Modernity, gender and new sexual cultures. Zed Books Ltd.
- Jones, G. W. (2017). Changing marriage patterns in Asia. In Z. Zhao & A. C. Hayes (Eds.), Routledge handbook of Asian demography (pp. 351–369). Routledge.
- Kalmijn, M. (1991). Shifting boundaries: Trends in religious and educational homogamy. American Sociological Review, 56(6), 786–800. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096256
- Kolk, M. (2014). Multigenerational processes in demography [Doctoral dissertation]. Stockholm University.
- Kolk, M. (2015). Age differences in unions: Continuity and divergence among Swedish couples between 1932 and 2007. European Journal of Population, 31(4), 365–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-015-9339-z
- Lee, J. Z., & Campbell, C. D. (2007). Fate and fortune in rural China: Social organization and population behavior in Liaoning 1774-1873. Cambridge University Press.
- Lee, J. Z., & Wang, F. (2001). One quarter of humanity: Malthusian mythology and Chinese realities, 1700–2000. Harvard University Press.
- Li, C.-H., Kolk, M., Yang, W.-S., & Chuang, Y.-C. (2020). Uxorilocal marriage as a strategy for heirship in a patrilineal society: Evidence from household registers in early 20th-century Taiwan. The History of the Family, 25(1), 22–45. doi:10.1080/1081602x.2019.1641131
- Liu, T.-J. (1985). The demography of two Chinese clans in Hsiao-shan, Cheking, 1650–1850. In S. B. Hanley & A. P. Wolf (Eds.),13–61. Family and population in East Asian history. Stanford University Press.
- Liu, Y.-C., & Hsieh, C.-W. (1997). Determinants of the female labor supply in Taiwan: 1905–1940 (in Chinese). Taiwan Economic Review, 25 (2), 183–205. [劉鶯釧, 謝嘉雯, 1997, 〈女性勞動參與的決定因素:1905–1940年的台灣實證〉, 《經濟論文叢刊》, 卷25第2期, 頁183–201。].
- Lundh, C. (2003). Swedish marriages. Customs, legislation and demography in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Lund Papers in Economic History; No. 88. https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/files/4646132/4407066.pdf.
- Lundh, C., & Kurosu, S. (2014). Nuptiality: Local populations, sources, and models. In C. Lundh & S. Kurosu (Eds.), Similarity in difference: Marriage in Europe and Asia, 1700–1900 (pp. 47–86). The MIT Press.
- Malmberg, B. (2017). Number of students and enrollment rates in extended primary, integrated-upper secondary, and tertiary education, Sweden 1768–2002. Stockholm, Sweden: Institute for Future Studies
- Matovic, M. R. (1986). The Stockholm marriage: Extra-legal family formation in Stockholm 1860–1890. Continuity and Change, 1(3), 385–413. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416000000333
- Ministry of Education. (2012). Number of students at all educational levels by sex. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of Education. http://www.edu.tw/pages/detail.aspx?Node=1731&Page=5314&Index=4&WID=31d75a44-efff-4c44-a075-15a9eb7aecdf
- Ministry of the Interior. (1975–2015). Statistical yearbook of the Republic of China, 1975–2015.
- Mu, Z., & Xie, Y. (2014). Marital age homogamy in China: A reversal of trend in the reform era? Social Science Research, 44, 141–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.11.005
- Murray, A. C. (1983). Germanic kinship structure. Studies in law and society in antiquity and the early middle ages. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
- Ní Bhrolcháin, M. (1992). Age difference asymmetry and a two-sex perspective. Revue européenne de Démographie [European Journal of Population], 8(1), 23–45. http://doi.org/10.1007/bf01797120
- Ní Bhrolcháin, M. (2001). Flexibility in the marriage market. Population, 13(2), 9–47.
- Ní Bhrolcháin, M. (2004). Validating age preferences for marriage market analysis Applications and Policy Working Paper A04/08. Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute, University of Southampton.
- Ní Bhrolcháin, M. (2005). The age difference at marriage in England and Wales: A century of patterns and trends. Population Trends, 120, 7–14.
- Ní Bhrolcháin, M., & Sigle-Rushton, W. (2005). Partner supply in Britain and the US. Population (English Edition), 60(1), 37–64. https://doi.org/10.3917/pope.501.0037.
- Ohlsson-Wijk, S. (2011). Sweden’s marriage revival: An analysis of the new-millennium switch from long-term decline to increasing popularity. Population Studies, 65(2), 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2011.574724
- Ohlsson-Wijk, S. (2014). Digit preferences in marriage formation in Sweden: Millennium marriages and birthday peaks. Demographic Research, 30, 739–752. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2014.30.25
- Ortega, J. A. (2014). A characterization of world union patterns at the national and regional level. Population Research and Policy Review, 33(2), 161–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-013-9301-x
- Pasternak, B. (1989). Age at first marriage in a Taiwanese locality 1916–1945. Journal of Family History, 14(2), 91–117. http://doi.org/10.1177/036319908901400201
- Peng, T.-l (1990). Population Growth and Educational Development in Taiwan. (in Chinese) Journal of Population Studies 13, 21–41. [彭台臨, 1990, 〈台灣地區人口變動與國民教育發展〉, 《人口學刊》, 第13期, 頁21–41°]
- R. J. Barro & J. F. Ursua (2010). Barro-Ursúa macroeconomic data. URL: https://scholar.harvard.edu/barro/publications/barro-ursua-macroeconomic-data. (accessed on Jan–30–2021)
- Rotering, P., & Bras, H. (2019). The age difference between spouses and reproduction in 19th century Sweden. Demographic Research, 41, 1059–1090. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2019.41.37
- Saller, R. P. (1987). Men’s age at marriage and its consequences in the Roman family. Classical Philology, 82(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/367019
- Shaw, B. D. (1987). The age of Roman girls at marriage: Some reconsiderations. The Journal of Roman Studies, 77, 30–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/300573
- Shorter, E. (1975). The making of the modern family. Basic Books.
- Sjöstrand, W. (1965). Pedagogikens historia 3:2 Utvecklingen i Sverige under tiden 1809–1920. Lund: Gleerup
- Skopek, J., Schmitz, A., & Blossfeld, H.-P. (2011). The gendered dynamics of age preferences – Empirical evidence from online dating. ZfF–Zeitschrift für Familienforschung [Journal of Family Research], 23(3), 267–290. https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-196.
- Sontag, S. (1979). The double standard of aging. In J. H. Williams (Ed.), Psychology of women: Selected reading (pp. 462–478). W. W. Norton.
- Stanfors, M. & Goldscheider, F. (2017). The forest and the trees: Industrialization, demographic change, and the ongoing gender revolution in Sweden and the United States, 1870–2010. Demographic Research, 36, 173–226
- Therborn, G. (2014). Family systems of the world: Are they converging?. In J. Treas, J. Scott, & M. Richards (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell companion to the sociology of families (pp. 1–19). John Wiley & Sons.
- Thomson, E., & Eriksson, H. (2013). Register-based estimates of parents’ coresidence in Sweden, 1969-2007. Demographic Research, 29, 1153–1186. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2013.29.42
- Thornton, A., & Lin, H.-S. (1994). Social change and the family in Taiwan. University of Chicago Press.
- Van de Kaa, D. J. (2001). Postmodern fertility preferences: From changing value orientation to new behavior. Population and Development Review, 27(Supplement), 290–331.
- Van de Putte, B., Van Poppel, F., Vanassche, S., Sanchez, M., Jidkova, S., Eeckhaut, M., Oris, M., & Matthijs, K. (2009). The rise of age homogamy in 19th century Western Europe. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(5), 1234–1253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00666.x
- Van Poppel, F., Liefbroer, A. C., Vermunt, J. K., & Smeenk, W. (2001). Love, necessity and opportunity: Changing patterns of marital age homogamy in the Netherlands, 1850–1993. Population Studies, 55(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324720127681
- Veevers, J. E. (1988). The “real” marriage squeeze: Mate selection, mortality, and the mating gradient. Sociological Perspectives, 31(2), 169–189. https://doi.org/10.2307/1389081
- Westberg, A., Engberg, E., & Edvinsson, S. (2016). A unique source for innovative longitudinal research: The POPLINK database. Historical Life Course Studies, 3, 20–31. http://hdl.handle.net/10622/23526343-2016-0003?locatt=view:masterfigure.
- Wolf, A. P., & Huang, C. (1980). Marriage and adoption in China, 1845–1945. Stanford University Press.
- Wolf, M. (1968). The house of Lim: A study of a Chinese farm family. Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- Wu, L.-H., Yeh, H.-J., & Tsay, R.-M. (2014). Meeting the other half: Matchmakers and settings of contact in educational assortative mating (in Chinese). Taiwanese Sociology, 26, 147–190. ( [巫麗雪, 葉秀珍, 蔡瑞明, 2013, 〈遇見另一半:教育婚配過程中的介紹人與接觸場合〉, 《台灣社會學》, 卷26, 頁147–190。]).
- Yu, C.-M. (1988). The women education in Taiwan under Japanese rule, 1895–1945 (in Chinese). National Taiwan Normal University.