Bile Analysis for Cocaine and Benzoylecgonine in Overdose Cases

REFERENCES

• Logan , B.K. ; Stafford , D.T. High-performance liquid chromatography with column switching for the determination of cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations in vitreous humor . J. Forensic Sci. 1990 , 35 , 1303 – 1309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández , P. ; León , M. ; Bouzas , A.M. ; Bermejo , A.M. ; Tabernero , M.J. Use of high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in human hair . J. Liq. Chromatogr. & Rel. Technol. 2003 , 20 , 2003 – 2012 .
   Google Scholar
• Cámpora , P. ; Bermejo , A.M. ; Tabernero , M.J. ; Fernández , P. Quantitation of cocaine and its major metabolites in human saliva using gas chromatography–positive chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GC–PCI-MS) . J. Anal. Toxicol. 2003 , 27 , 270 – 274 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernández , P. ; Buján , L. ; Bermejo , A.M. ; Tabernero , M.J. Gas chromatographic determination of cocaine and its metabolites in blood and urine from cocaine users in Northwestern Spain . J. Appl. Toxicol. 2004 , 24 , 283 – 287 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts , M.S. ; Magnusson , B.M. ; Burczynski , F.J. ; Weiss , M. Enterohepatic circulation: physiological, pharmacokinetic and clinical implications. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2002, 41, 751–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummer , O.H. Postmortem toxicology of drugs of abuse . Forensic Sci. Int. 2004 , 142 , 101 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak , R. ; Balabanova , S. ; Brunner , H. ; Homoki , J. ; Bürger , B. ; Reinhardt , G. Deposition of cocaine in tissue after lethal and repeated sublethal administration to sheep . Z. Rechtsmed. 1988 , 99 , 235 – 240 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vanbinst , R. ; Koening , J. ; Fazio , V. ; Hassoun , A. Bile analysis of drugs in postmortem cases . Forensic Sci. Int. 2002 , 128 , 35 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal , A. ; Lemos N. Significance of bile analysis in drug-induced deaths . J. Anal. Toxicol. 1996 , 20 , 61 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bressolle , F. ; Bromet-Petit , M. ; Audran , M. Validation of liquid chromatographic methods . Applications to pharmacokinetics. J. Chromatogr. 1996 , 686 , 3 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukbuntherng , J. ; Walters , A. ; Chow , H.H. ; Mayersohn , M. Quantitative determination of cocaine, cocaethylene (ethylcocaine), and metabolites in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography . J. Pharm. Sci. 1995 , 84 , 799 – 804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano , T. ; Jurado , C. ; Menéndez , M. ; Repetto , M. Improved solid–phase extraction method for systematic toxicological analysis in biological fluids . J. Anal. Toxicol. 2001 , 25 , 137 – 143 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poklis , A. ; Maginn , D. ; Barr , J.L. Tissue disposition of cocaine in man: A report of five fatal poisonings . Forensic Sci. Int. 1987 , 33 , 83 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnari , C. ; Ottaviano , V. ; Sacchetti , G. ; Mancini , M. A fatal case of cocaine poisoning in a body packer . J. Forensic Sci. 2002 , 47 , 208 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bednarczyk , L.R. ; Gressmann , E.A. ; Wymer , R.L. Two cocaine-induced fatalities . J. Anal. Toxicol. 1980 , 4 , 263 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Maio , V.J.M. ; Garriot , J.C. Four deaths due to intravenous injection of cocaine . Forensic Sci. Int. 1978 , 12 , 119 – 125 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowry , W.T. ; Lomonte , J.N. ; Hatchett , D. ; Garriot , J.C. Identification of two novel cocaine metabolites in bile by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in a case of acute intravenous cocaine overdose . J. Anal. Toxicol. 1979 , 3 , 91 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentour , J.C. ; Agarwal , V. ; McGee , M.P. ; Goza , S.W. Cocaine and benzoylecgonine determinations in postmortem samples by gas chromatography . J. Anal. Toxicol. 1978 , 2 , 134 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• McKinney , P.E. ; Phillips , S. ; Gómez , H.F. ; Brent , J. ; MacIntyre , M. ; Watson , W.A. Vitreous humor cocaine and metabolite concentrations: do postmortem specimens reflect blood levels at the time of death? . J. Forensic Sci. 1995 , 40 , 102 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar