7,574
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Nicotine-related impurities in e-cigarette cartridges and refill e-liquids

, , , &

References

  • Etter, J. F.; Zather, E.; Svensson, S. Analysis of Refill Liquids for Electronic Cigarettes. Addiction 2013, 108(9), 1671–1679.
  • Smyth, T. J.; Ramachandran, V. N.; McGuigan, A.; Hopps, J.; Smyth, W. F. Characterisation of Nicotine and Related Compounds Using Electrospray Ionisation with Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry and with Quadrupole Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry and Their Detection by Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 21(4), 557–566.
  • Medana, C.; Aigotti, R.; Sala, C.; Dal Bello, F.; Santoro, V.; Gastaldi, D.; Baiocchi, C. Analysis of Nicotine Alkaloids and Impurities in Liquids for E-cigarettes by LC–MS, GC–MS, and ICP–MS. Spectroscopy 2016, 14(2), 20–28.
  • United States Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary. USP 38-NF 33. Rockville, Maryland: The United States Pharmacopeial Convention Inc., 2015.
  • Council of Europe. European Pharmacopoeia 7.0. Strasbourg, France: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare, 2012.
  • Lisko, J. G.; Tran, H.; Stanfill, S. B.; Blount, B. C.; Watson, C. H. Chemical Composition and Evaluation of Nicotine, Tobacco Alkaloids, pH, and Selected Flavors in E-cigarette Cartridges and Refill Solutions. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2015, 17, 1270–1278.
  • US Food and Drug Administration. Deeming tobacco products to be subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; restrictions on the sale and distribution of tobacco products and required warning statements for tobacco products; final rule. Fed. Regist. 2016, 81(90), 28974–29106.
  • US Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for Industry. Premarket Tobacco Product Applications for Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems. Draft Guidance. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/TobaccoProducts/Labeling/RulesRegulationsGuidance/UCM499352.pdf (accessed August 30, 2016).
  • Trehy, M. L.; Ye, W.; Hadwiger, M. E.; Moore, T. W.; Allgire, J. F.; Woodruff, J. T.; Ahadi, S. S.; Black, J. C.; Westenberger, B. J. Analysis of Electronic Cigarette Cartridges, Refill Solutions, and Smoke for Nicotine and Nicotine Related Impurities. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2011, 34(14), 1442–1459.
  • Flora, J. W.; Meruva, N.; Huang, C. B.; Wilkinson, C. T.; Ballentine, R.; Smith, D. C.; Werley, M. S.; McKinney, W. J. Characterization of Potential Impurities and Degradation Products in Electronic Cigarette Formulations and Aerosols. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2016, 74, 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.009.
  • International Conference on Harmonisation. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Guideline Q3B(R2): Impurities in New Drug Products. Available at: http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Quality/Q3B_R2/Step4/Q3B_R2__Guideline.pdf (accessed August 30, 2016).
  • International Conference on Harmonisation. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Guideline Q2(R1): Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). Available at: http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Quality/Q2_R1/Step4/Q2_R1__Guideline.pdf (accessed June 09, 2016).
  • Jacob, III, P.; Benowitz, N. L.; Yu, L.; Shulgin, A. T. Determination of Nicotine N-oxide by Gas Chromatography Following Thermal Conversion to 2-Methyl-6-(3-pyridyl)tetrahydro-1,2-oxazine. Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 2218–2221.
  • International Organization for Standardization. Standard 3308. Routine Analytical Cigarette-Smoking Machine – Definitions and Standard Conditions, 2012.
  • International Conference on Harmonisation. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Guideline Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products. Available at: http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Quality/Q1A_R2/Step4/Q1A_R2__Guideline.pdf (accessed August 30, 2016).
  • United States Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary. USP 32-NF 27. Rockville, Maryland: The United States Pharmacopeial Convention Inc., pp. 3079–3081, 2009.
  • Goniewicz, M. L.; Knysak, J.; Gawron, M.; Kosmider, L.; Sobczak, A.; Kurek, J.; Prokopowicz, A.; Jablonska-Czapla, M.; Rosik-Dulewska, C.; Havel, C.; Jacob, III, P.; Benowitz, N. Levels of Selected Carcinogens and Toxicants in Vapour from Electronic Cigarettes. Tob. Control 2014, 23, 133–139.
  • Goniewicz, M. L.; Kuma, T.; Gawron, M.; Knysak, J.; Kosmider, L. Nicotine Levels in Electronic Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2013, 15(1), 158–166.
  • Farsalinos, K. E.; Gillman, I. G.; Melvin, M. S.; Paolantonio, A. R.; Gardow, W. J.; Humphries, K. E.; Brown, S. E.; Poulas, K.; Voudris, V. Nicotine Levels and Presence of Selected Tobacco-derived Toxins in Tobacco Flavoured Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquids. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 3439–3452.
  • Laugesen, M. Nicotine and Toxicant Yield Ratings of Electronic Cigarette Brands in New Zealand. N. Z. Med. J. 2015, 128, 77–82.
  • Kirschner, R. I.; Gerona, R.; Jacobitz, K. L. Nicotine Content of Liquid for Electronic Cigarette. Clin. Toxicol. 2013, 51, 684.
  • Uryupin, A. B.; Peregudov, A. S.; Kochetkov, K. A.; Bulatnikova, L. N. Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Fluids for Electronic Cigarettes. Pharm. Chem. J. 2012, 46(11), 687–692.