148
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Advances on analysis methods of ginkgo biloba leaf extract

, , , , & ORCID Icon

References

  • The State Pharmacopoeia Commission of PRC. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. Chinese Medical Science and Technology Press: Beijing, 2020; pp. 434–436.
  • Badore, N. S.; Das P. K.; Pillai, S. Pharmacological Efficacy of Methanolic Extract of the Palnt Ginkgo Biloba against Isoproterenol Induced Cardiac Toxicity in Rats. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2017, 8, 722–728.
  • Li, S.; Zhu, J.; Wu, Y. Research Progress of Ginkgo Biloba Extract for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases. Chin. J. New Drugs 2016, 25, 76–81.
  • Wang, X.; Jin, T.; Wang, X.; et al. Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Serum Adhesion Molecule. J. Shandong First Med. Univ. Shandong Acad. Med. Sci. 2022, 43, 96–99.
  • Zuo, W.; Yan, F.; Zhang, B.; Li, J.; Mei, D. Advances in the Studies of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Extract on Aging-Related Diseases. Aging Dis. 2017, 8, 812–826. DOI: 10.14336/AD.2017.0615.
  • Nash, K. M.; Shah, Z. A. Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Role of Ginkgo Biloba in Neurological and Cerebrovascular Disorders. Integr. Med. Insights 2015, 10, 1–9. DOI: 10.4137/IMI.S25054.
  • Chong, P. Z.; Ng, H. Y.; Tai, J. T.; Lee, S. W. H. Efficacy and Safety of Ginkgo Biloba in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2020, 48, 513–534. DOI: 10.1142/S0192415X20500263.
  • Mo, X. N.; Pan, H. Y.; Li, A.; et al. Study on the Antibacterial Activity of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract. Grain Sci. Technol. Econ. 2019, 44, 97–99 + 105.
  • Li, M. F.; Wang, C. Z. Advances in Preparation, Detection and Application of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extracts. Modern Chem. Ind. 2020, 40, 29–32.
  • Shareena, G.; Kumar, D. Traversing through Half a Century Research Timeline on Ginkgo Biloba, in Transforming a Botanical Rarity into an Active Functional Food Ingredient. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2022, 153, 113299. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113299.
  • Li, Y. P.; Zhang, L. H.; Wu, H. Y.; et al. Progress in the Study of Functional Groups and Health Care Efficacy of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves. Food Res. Dev. 2020, 41,182–187.
  • Wang, F.; Ye, S.; Ding, Y.; Ma, Z.; Zhao, Q.; Zang, M.; Li, Y. Research on Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Ginkgo Biloba Leaves. J. Mol. Struct. 2022, 1252, 132185. DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132185.
  • Ren, C.; Ji, Y.-Q.; Liu, H.; Wang, Z.; Wang, J.-H.; Zhang, C.-Y.; Guan, L.-N.; Yin, P.-Y. Effects of Ginkgo Biloba Extract EGb761 on Neural Differentiation of Stem Cells Offer New Hope for Neurological Disease Treatment. Neural. Regen. Res. 2019, 14, 1152–1157. DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.251191.
  • Liu, L.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wang, S. Advances in the Chemical Constituents and Chemical Analysis of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf, Extract, and Phytopharmaceuticals. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2021, 193, 113704. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113704.
  • Wang, S. W.; Guan, X. Y.; Liu, J. G. Pharmacological Effects and Research Progress on Extract of Ginkgo Biloba in Oral Medicine. J. Oral Sci. Res. 2015, 31, 841–844.
  • European Pharmacopoeia 10.0. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare: Strasbourg, 2019; pp. 1451–1453.
  • The United States Pharmacopieial Convention US Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP2021-NF39). US Pharmacopeia Origination Press: Washington, 2021; pp. 5038.
  • Luo, X. M.; Lei, F.; Chen, W.; et al. Qualitative Determination and Content Determination of Components in Ginkgo Biloba Extract. Chem. Reagents 2021, 43, 191–195.
  • Nie, L. X.; Dai, Z.; Lu, J.; et al. Quality Control of Ginkgo Folium, Ginkgo Leafs Extract and Their Preparations. Chin. Pharm. Affairs 2011, 25, 171–174.
  • Liu, H.; Huang, X.; Chen, T. B.; et al. Cluster Analysis of HPLC Fingerprints Injections with Ginkgo Biloba Extract as Raw Materials from 9 Domestic Manufacturers. Cent. South Pharm. 2018, 16, 1360–1363.
  • Ma, G.-L.; Wan, J.; Xiong, J.; Yang, G.-X.; Hu, J.-F. Simultaneous Identification of Characteristic Components in HPLC-PDA-ELSD Fingerprint Profile of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Extract. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2019, 14, 1934578X1985790. DOI: 10.1177/1934578X19857902.
  • Chen, F. HPLC-DAD-ELSD Study on the Finger Print Chromatograms of Ginkgo Biloba Extracts. Chin. J. Pharm. Anal. 2011, 31, 534–538.
  • Liu, L.-N.; Jin, H.-Y.; Ke, Z.; Xu, W.-Y.; Sun, L.; Ma, S.-C. A Strategy for Quality Control of Ginkgo Biloba Preparations Based on UPLC Fingerprint Analysis and Multi-Component Separation Combined with Quantitative Analysis. Chin. Med. 2022, 17, 1–12. DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00618-3.
  • Chen, X. L.; Geng, T.; Huang, W. Z.; et al. 1H-NMR Quantitative Analysis and Fingerprints of Ginkgo Diterpene Lactone Raw Material. China J. Chin. Materia Medica 2018, 43, 1404–1409.
  • He, H. H.; Du, X.; Jin, H. H.; et al. HPLC Fingerprint of Ginkgo Biloba Extract and the Structural Identification of Common Peaks by LC-MS. Chin. J. Pharm. Anal. 2017, 37, 1107–1112.
  • Sun, S. B.; Ding, Y. P.; Feng, Y. K.; et al. Optimizing Preparation of Ginkgo Biloba Extract Process by AB-8 Macroporous Resin Based on Flavonoids Characteristic Chromatogram and Total Flavonoid Content. Chin. Arch. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2017, 35, 1134–1138.
  • Li, L. M.; Cheng Y Q, S. J.; et al. Establishment of the Fingerprints and Adulteration Inspection Method of Ginkgo Folium Extract and Its Preparations. Chin. Tradit. Pat. Med. 2016, 38, 1551–1556.
  • Liang, W. L.; Xie, D. W.; Ding, G.; et al. Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation on Tablets of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Using Fingerprint and LC-MS Analysis. China J. Chin. Materia Medica 2015, 40, 1738–1743.
  • Luo J L, L. F. L.; Liu, Y. C.; et al. Fingerprint Analysis of Ginkgo Biloba Extract and Ginkgo Semen in Preparations by LC-Q-TOF/MS. J. Food Drug Anal. 2013, 21, 27–39.
  • Tang, D.; Yang, D.; Tang, A.; Gao, Y.; Jiang, X.; Mou, J.; Yin, X. Simultaneous Chemical Fingerprint and Quantitative Analysis of Ginkgo Biloba Extract by HPLC-DAD. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 396, 3087–3095. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3536-8.
  • Shuai, Y. L.; Yu, H. Y.; Li, Z. Q. Study on the Fingerprints Chromatograms of Ginkgo Biloba Extract by HPLC/UV. China Med. Herald 2011, 8, 55–57.
  • Chandra, A.; Li, Y.; Rana, J.; Persons, K.; Hyun, C.; Shen, S.; Mulder, T. Qualitative Categorization of Supplement Grade Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extracts for Authenticity. J. Funct. Foods 2011, 3, 107–114. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.03.004.
  • Li, Y. Y.; Chen, F. Study on the Fingerprints of Ginkgo Biloba Extracts by HPLC-DAD. Strait Pharm. J. 2010, 22, 38–41.
  • Song, J.; Fang, G.; Zhang, Y.; Deng, Q.; Wang, S. Fingerprint Analysis of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves and Related Health Foods by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. J. AOAC Int. 2010, 93, 1798–1805. DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/93.6.1798.
  • Ding, S.; Dudley, E.; Plummer, S.; Tang, J.; Newton, R. P.; Brenton, A. G. Fingerprint Profile of Ginkgo Biloba Nutritional Supplements by LC/ESI-MS/MS. Phytochemistry 2008, 69, 1555–1564. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.026.
  • Ji, Y.-B.; Xu, Q.-S.; Hu, Y.-Z.; Heyden, Y. V. Development, Optimization and Validation of a Fingerprint of Ginkgo Biloba Extracts by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2005, 1066, 97–104. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.035.
  • Wang, J. H.; Chen, J.; Wang, M. M.; et al. Determination of 7 Flavonol Glycosides in Ginkgo Biloba Reference Extract. China J. Chin. Materia Medica 2015, 40, 4018–4021.
  • Wang, L.-T.; Fan, X.-H.; Jian, Y.; Dong, M.-Z.; Yang, Q.; Meng, D.; Fu, Y.-J. A Sensitive and Selective Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Flavonol Glycoside, Terpene Lactones, and Biflavonoids in Ginkgo Biloba Leaves. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2019, 170, 335–340. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.058.
  • Zhou, W.; Yang, Z.; Huang, S.; Fang, Z.; Chen, B.; Ma, M. Rapid Quantitative Analysis of Ginkgo Flavonoids Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2019, 171, 158–163. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.018.
  • Vasil’ev, V. G.; Prokop’ev, A. S.; Kalabin, G. A. Identification of Terpene Lactones and Flavonol Glycosides in Preparations Based on Ginkgo Biloba Extract and a New Way of Semi-Quantitative Determination of Flavonol Glycosides by 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. Russ. J. Bioorg. Chem. 2017, 43, 776–782. DOI: 10.1134/S1068162017070172.
  • Lu, S.; Zhou H B, W. J. Rapid Determination of Total Flavone Glycosides in Extraction of Ginkgo Leaf Based on near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Chin. J. Pharm. Anal. 2017, 37, 927–933.
  • Yang, J. X.; Chang, W.; Liu, L. W.; et al. Determination of Flavonol Glycosides in Ginkgo Biloba Extract by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Basic Sci. J. Text. Univ. 2020, 33, 118–122.
  • VON Ahn, A.; DOS Santos, J. H. Z. Quantitative GC-FID and UHPLC-DAD Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Ginkgo Biloba. CAC 2020, 16, 893–904. DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666191010124224.
  • Song, H. J.; Du, Y. B.; Yu, Z. F.; et al. Determination of the Mass Consistency of Extract of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Injection of Different Manufacturers by UPLC-MS/MS Method. Chin. J. Clin. Pharm. 2019, 35, 2407–2411.
  • Wang, T.; Bu, L. S.; Liu, D. S.; et al. Simultaneous Determination of Four Free Flavonoids Extracted from Ginkgo Biolba Leave and Its Extracts by HPLC. China Food Addit. 2019, 30, 154–158.
  • Sun, J. H.; Dong, L. R. Determination of Flavonoids in Extracts of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography. World Latest Med. Inform. 2019, 19, 119–120.
  • Zheng, J.; Long, X.; Wang, X. Chemical Profiling and Anticoagulant Activity of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves under the Influence of Harvesting Time. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2019, 42, 55–62. DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1570936.
  • Hu, R. R.; Yao, X. Determination of Ten Flavonoids in Ginkgo Leaves Extract from Different Manufacturers by UPLC-MS/MS. Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae 2017, 23, 90–95.
  • Wang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wu, Q.; et al. Rapid and Sensitive Determination of Major Active Ingredients and Toxic Components in Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Extract (EGb 761) by a Validated UPLC-MS-MS Method. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2017, 55, 459–464.
  • Yang, J.; Wang, A.-Q.; Li, X.-J.; Fan, X.; Yin, S.-S.; Lan, K. A Chemical Profiling Strategy for Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Flavonoids in Ginkgo Extracts. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2016, 123, 147–154. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.017.
  • Liu, H.; Huang, S. W.; Guo, Y.; et al. Determination of Flavonol Glycosides and Terpene Lactones in Ginkgo Biloba Extract from Different Pharmaceutical Factories by HPLC. China J. Tradit. Chin. Med. Pharm. 2015, 30, 598–601.
  • Yang, Y. M.; Miu, J. R; Lin, H. A Quantitative Method for Simultaneous Assay of Seven Flavonoids Ingredients with One Marker in Ginkgo Biloba Extract by QAMS. Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae 2014, 20, 82–85.
  • Ren, Y. P.; Chang, L.; Cao, L.; et al. Simultaneous Determination of Terpene Lactones and Favonoid Aglycones in Shuxuening Injection by HPLC-MS. Chin. J. Pharm. Anal. 2013, 33, 220–224.
  • Tang, D. Q.; Zhang, Z. J.; Gao, Y. Y.; et al. Determination of Rutin, Quercetin, Kaempferol, and Isorhamnetin in Extract of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves by HPLC with Solid Phase Extraction. Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs 2009, 40, 56–60.
  • Deng, F. X.; Zito, S. W. Development and Validation of a Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Method for Simultaneous Identification and Quantification of Marker Compounds Including Bilobalide, Ginkgolides and Flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba L. extract and Pharmaceutical Preparations. J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 986, 121–127. DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01921-0.
  • Li, W. K.; Fitzloff, J. F. HPLC Determination of Flavonoids and Terpene Lactones in Commercial Ginkgo Biloba Products. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2002, 25, 2501–2514. DOI: 10.1081/JLC-120014270.
  • Choi, Y. H.; Kim, J.; Yoo, K. P. Supercritical-Fluid Extraction of Bilobalide and Ginkgolides from Ginkgo Biloba Leaves by Use of a Mixture of Carbon Dioxide, Methanol, and Water. Chromatographia 2002, 56, 753–757. DOI: 10.1007/BF02492479.
  • Liang, T.; Miyakawa, T.; Yang, J.; Ishikawa, T.; Tanokura, M. Quantification of Terpene Trilactones in Ginkgo Biloba with a 1H-NMR Method. J. Nat. Med. 2018, 72, 793–797. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-018-1203-0.
  • Jin, G. W.; Song, C. Y., Yan, J. Y.; et al. Simultaneous Determination of 20 Flavonoid Glycosides and Terpenoid Lactones in Shuxuening Injection by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J. Instrument. Anal. 2020, 39, 115–121.
  • Bai, G. G.; Yuan, F.; Ye, H.; et al. Determination of Ginkgolides in Four Kinds of Ginkgo Leaf Preparations by HPLC-CAD. Chin. J. Pharm. Anal. 2019, 39, 1102–1107.
  • Liu, L. N.; Jin, H. Y.; Pan, Y. Y.; et al. Determination of Terpene Lactones in Ginkgo Leaf Extract by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Charged Aerosol Detector. Chin. J. Pharm. Anal. 2018, 38, 1269–1274.
  • Niu, Z. R.; Zheng, T. C.; Cao, J.; et al. Simultaneous Determination of Terpenoid Lactones and Flavonols in Health Food Containing Ginkgo biloba L. extracts by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole/Electrostatic Field Orbittrap High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J. Food Saf. Qual. 2017, 8, 2477–2485.
  • Zhang, K. P. Determination of Terpenoid Lactones in Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extracts by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Heilongjiang Sci. Technol. Inform. 2015, 23, 41.
  • Wu, Y.-L.; Li, Y.-J.; Ding, G.; Huang, W.-Z.; Li, P.; Wang, Z.-Z.; Bi, Y.-A.; Sun, Y.-C.; Wu, Y.; Xiao, W.; et al. Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Ginkgo Terpene Lactone Raw Material by HPLC/Q-TOF MS Combined with HPLC-DAD-ELSD. Anal. Methods 2015, 7, 667–674. DOI: 10.1039/C4AY01494D.
  • Cui, D. M.; Jin, Y.; Zhou, Y. L.; et al. Quantitative Determination of Flayonol Glycosides and Terpene Lactones from Ginkgo Leaf Extract Noisome. J. Jilin Agric. Univ. 2013, 35, 446–449, 62.
  • Yao, X.; Zhou, G. S.; Tang, Y. P.; et al. Determination of Terpene Lactones in Ginkgo Biloba Leaves in Different Ages by UPLC-TQ-MS. China J. Chin. Materia Medica 2013, 38, 376–380.
  • Huang, Q. W.; Li, Y. H.; Zheng, C. Improvement of Assay on Terpene Lactones in Yinxingye Dropping Pill. Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs 2011, 42, 2456–2458.
  • Zhou, Z. G.; Su, J.; Jin, C.; et al. Determination of Terpenoid Lactone Dissolution in Dispersible Tablets of Ginkgo Biloba Extract from Different Manufacturers by HPLC-ELSD. Chin. Tradit. Pat Med. 2010, 32, 2003–2006.
  • Su, M. W.; Yang, X.; Zhao, J. Determination of Total Flavonol Glycosides and Terpene Lactones on Extractum Folium Ginkgo Siccus Sustained Release Microspheres by HPLC. China Pharm. 2008, 11, 1460–1462.
  • Sun, Y.; Li, W.; Fitzloff, J. F.; van Breemen, R. B. Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Terpenoid Lactones in Ginkgo Biloba. J. Mass Spectrom. 2005, 40, 373–379. DOI: 10.1002/jms.795.
  • Li, C.-Y.; Lin, C.-H.; Wu, C.-C.; Lee, K.-H.; Wu, T.-S. Efficient 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Method for Improved Quality Control Analyses of Ginkgo Constituents. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 3721–3725. DOI: 10.1021/jf049920h.
  • Sloley, B. D.; Tawfik, S. R.; Scherban, K. A.; et al. Quality Control Analyses for Ginkgo Extracts Require Analysis of Intact Flavonol Glycosides. J. Food Drug Anal. 2003, 11, 102–107.
  • Ganzera, M.; Zhao, J. P.; Khan, L. A. Analysis of Terpenelactones in Ginkgo Biloba by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Evaporative Light Scattering Detection. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2001, 49, 1170–1173. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.1170.
  • Wang, H. F.; Ju, X. R. Rapid Analysis of Terpene Lactones in Extract of Ginkgo biloba L. by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chin. J. Chromatogr. 2000, 18, 394.
  • Qi, L. J.; Li, G. J.; Gao, S. Health Hazard Assessment of Ginkgolic Acids in Ginkgo Biloba Seeds. J. Toxicol. 2021, 35, 267–273,79.
  • Wang, R.; Kobayashi, Y.; Lin, Y.; Rauwald, H. W.; Yao, J.; Fang, L.; Qiao, H.; Kuchta, K. HPLC Quantification of All Five Ginkgolic Acid Derivatives in Ginkgo Biloba Extracts Using 13:0 Ginkgolic Acid as a Single Marker Compound. Planta Med. 2015, 81, 71–78. DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1383312.
  • Tang, L.; Xu, B. W.; Fan, B. D.; et al. Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Fluid Extraction for Removal of Ginkgo Acid from Ginkgo Biloba Leaves. Chin. Tradit. Pat. Med. 2018, 40, 1392–1395.
  • Pan, Y.; Xiao, C. G.; Cheng, K. W.; et al. Study on Ultrasonic-Assisted Removal of Ginkgolic Acid in Ginkgo. J. Zhejiang Agric. Sci. 2018, 59, 2072–2073.
  • Ma, H.; Li, B. H.; Zhu, M. L.; et al. Study on the Extraction Process of Ginkgolic Acid from Seed Coat of Ginkgo Biloba Using Alkaline Extraction and Acid Precipitation. J. Bengbu Med. Coll. 2019, 44, 1264–1267.
  • An, X. D.; Wang, S. S.; Yang, L. W.; et al. Research of Ginkgo Acid in Ginkgo Biloba Extract Removal Technology by Macroporous Resin. China Food Addit. 2017, 24, 102–106.
  • Choi, Y. H.; Choi, H.-K.; Peltenburg-Looman, A. M. G.; Lefeber, A. W. M.; Verpoorte, R. Quantitative Analysis of Ginkgolic Acids from Ginkgo Leaves and Products Using 1H-NMR. Phytochem. Anal. 2004, 15, 325–330. DOI: 10.1002/pca.786.
  • Liu, L.; Li, Y.; Jin, H.; et al. Determination of Ginkgolic Acids in Yinxingye Tablet by Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography - Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Chin. Pharm. J. 2021, 56, 1684–1689.
  • Yao, X.; Xue, P.; Yu, D. H.; et al. Determination of Ginkgolic Acids in Ginkgo Leaves Extract from Different Manufacturers by UPLC-MS/MS. Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae 2017, 23, 174–179.
  • Chen, J.; Chen, C.; Ren, H.; et al. Determination of Ginkgolic Acids in the Ginkgo Leaf. Chin. J. Modern Appl. Pharm. 2018, 35, 72–75.
  • Wang, Q. W.; Xie, Y. Y.; Wang, Y. M.; et al. Simultaneous Determination of Five Ginkgolic Acids in Ginkgo Folium by HPLC. Chin. Pharm. J. 2015, 50, 167–173.
  • Zhang, Y. X.; Liu, W. Y.; Yang, J.; et al. Preparation Technology Optimization and Quality Control of Ginkgo Leaves Extract. China Pharm. 2021, 24, 75–80.
  • Dong, M. Rapid Extraction and Determination of Ginkgo Acid in Ginkgo Fruit by High Performance Liquid Chromatograph. Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 45, 314–318 + 22.
  • Sun, J.; Li, L. M.; Hu, Q.; et al. Determination of Ginkgolic Acids in the Ginkgo Biloba Extract for Injection and Its Preparation. World Chin. Med. 2019, 14, 818–821.
  • Huang, Z.; Xu, Y.; Huang, Y.; Liu, C.; Jiang, K.; Wang, L. Rapid Determination of Ginkgolic Acids in Ginkgo Biloba Kernels and Leaves by Direct Analysis in Real Time-Mass Spectrometry. J. Sep. Sci. 2017, 40, 4857–4864. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700626.
  • Lee, H.; Lim, H.; Yang, J.; Hong, J. Rapid Determination of Ginkgolic Acids in Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Using Online Column Switching High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection and Confirmation by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2013, 34, 3629–3634. DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.12.3629.
  • Sun, F.; Wang, L.; Yan, B.; et al. Chemical Components and Pharmacological Effects of Ginkgo Biloba Extracts. Shandong J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2014, 33, 221–223.
  • Zhang, S. J.; Gong, X. C.; Qu, H. B. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and HPLC Combined with Chemometrics for Comprehensive Evaluation of Six Organic Acids in Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2022, 74, 1040–1050. DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab177.
  • Qin, C. Y.; Zhu, G. Q.; Wang, J.; et al. Research Progress in Determination Methods and Applications of Shikimic Acid in Ginkgo biloba L. Chin. J. Pharm. 2022, 53, 184–191.
  • Li, J.; Chen, W.; Yang, M. W.; et al. Study on the Comprehensive Extraction of Quinic Acid and Shikimic Acid from Ginkgo Biloba Leaves. Appl. Chem. Ind. 2022, 51, 422–425.
  • Guan, Q.; Feng, D. P.; Duan, B. Z.; et al. Advances in Research on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Phyllanthi Fructus and Prediction and Analysis of Quality Markers. Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs 2022, 53, 1–14.
  • Qiao, H. X.; Wu, J.; He, H. H.; et al. Determination of 6-Hydroxykynurenic Acid in Ginkgo Preparation by HPLC. Chin. J. Modern Appl. Pharm. 2014, 31, 1225–1227.
  • Liu, T. Y.; Zhang, J. H.; Zhang, Z. Q.; et al. Study on UPLC Fingerprint and Protocatechuic Acid Content of Cynomorium Songaricum Standard Decoction. Asia-Pacific Tradit. Med. 2022, 18, 74–80.
  • Zhang, Y. M.; Zhang, B.; Liang, C. X.; et al. Quality Evaluation of Viticis Fructus Formula Granules Based on HPLC-UV Characteristic Spectrum and Principal Component Analysis. Tianjin J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2019, 36, 925–931.
  • Luo, X. M.; Yang, X. B.; Lei, F.; et al. Study on the Content Distribution Rule of 4 Kinds of Active Ingredients in Ginkgo Biloba Leaves. Chem. Adhes. 2022, 44, 9–12 + 24.
  • Shen, Z.; Hu, H.; Pan, J.; Xu, M.; Ou, F.; He, K.; Zeng, K.; Yao, J.; Wang, R.; Lou, Y.; et al. Pharmacokinetics and Brain Distribution Studies of 6-Hydroxykynurenic Acid and Its Structural Modified Compounds. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2022, 74, 22–31. DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab132.
  • Zhao, Y.; Guo, H.; Chen, Y.; Fu, X. Simultaneous Quantification of Flavonol Glycosides, Terpene Lactones, Polyphenols and Carboxylic Acids in Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract by UPLC-QTOF-MSE Based Metabolomic Approach. J. Chin. Pharm. Sci. 2017, 26, 789–804. DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2017.11.089.
  • Yao, J. B. Analysis of Organic Acids in Ginkgo Biloba Extract and Its Protective Effect against Cerebral Ischemia. ZheJiang University: Hangzhou, 2022.
  • Jie, C. Y. Determination of 9 Kinds of Small Molecular Organic Acids in Ginkgo Biloba Extracts by HPLC. Adhesion 2021, 48, 39–43.
  • Li, Y. L.; Zhou, G. M.; Luo, Q. H.; et al. Simultaneous Determination of Nine Active Ingredients in Ginkgo biloba L.by Ultrasound Assisted-Ionic Liquid Microextraction Coupled with Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography. China J. Tradit. Chin. Med. Pharm. 2020, 35, 4149–4152.
  • Li, Y.; Wang, R.; Lin, Y.; Han, B.; Wang, B.; Wang, S. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Phenolic Acid Glycosides in Ginkgo biloba L. leaf, G. biloba Leaf Extract and Its Injection. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2020, 34, e4964. DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4964.
  • Zhao, Y. Y.; Yin, H. L.; Guo, H. Z.; et al. Study on Organic Acids in Ginkgo Biloba Extracts Based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs 2020, 51, 3679–3685.
  • Yin, H. L.; Zhao, Y. Y.; Guo, H. Z.; et al. Content Determination of Six Organic Acids in Ginkgo Leaves. Chin. J. New Drugs 2019, 28, 1505–1510.
  • Cao, J.; Wang, H.; Zhang, W.; Cao, F.; Ma, G.; Su, E. Tailor-Made Deep Eutectic Solvents for Simultaneous Extraction of Five Aromatic Acids from Ginkgo Biloba Leaves. Molecules 2018, 23, 3214. DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123214.
  • Ren, H. Study on Part Organic Acid and 6-HKA of Ginkgo Biloba Extract. Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Hangzhou, 2016.
  • Ren, H.; Qiao, H. X.; Huang, H. B.; et al. Determination of Small Molecular Organic Acid in Yinxingye Tablets by Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Components by Single Marker. Chin. J. Pharm. Anal. 2016, 36, 1037–1043.
  • Pereira, E.; Barros, L.; Ferreira, I. C. F. R. Chemical Characterization of Ginkgo biloba L. and Antioxidant Properties of Its Extracts and Dietary Supplements. Ind. Crops Prod. 2013, 51, 244–248. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.09.011.
  • Liu, B.; Guo, S.; Fan, X.; Gong, X. Carbon Quantum Dot Preparation and Application to Detecting Active Ingredients in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Acupunct. Herb. Med. 2021, 1, 81–89. DOI: 10.1097/HM9.0000000000000002.
  • Franco, P. H. C.; Braga, S. F. P.; de Oliveira, R. B.; César, I. C. Purity Determination of a New Antifungal Drug Candidate Using Quantitative 1H-NMR Spectroscopy: Method Validation and Comparison of Calibration Approaches. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2020, 58, 97–105. DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4936.
  • Xiao, L.; Xu, X.; He, K.; et al. Assay of Anticoagulation Activity of Leeches by Using Biological Standardization Method. Chin. Pharm. J. 2015, 50, 258–262.
  • Zhang, H.-Z.; Tan, P.; Liu, Z.-J.; Wang, J.; Wang, J.-B.; Xiao, X.-H. Activating Blood Biological Potency Assay and Chemical Fingerprint Chromatogram Applied to Quality Evaluation of Rhubarb. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2017, 52, 436–442.
  • Ruan, J.; Chen, T. Determination of Biological Titers of Radix Isatidis Preparations on Bacteriostasis. Chin. J. Pharm. Anal. 2016, 36, 261–266.
  • Yao, J.; Qiao, H.; Jin, Z.; Wang, R.; Huang, H.; Fang, L.; Chen, Y.; Tai, K.; Chen, Y.; Doeppner, T. R.; et al. Ginkgo Biloba and Its Constituent 6-Hydroxykynurenic-Acid as Well as Its Proanthocyanidins Exert Neurorestorative Effects against Cerebral Ischemia. Planta Med. 2020, 86, 696–707. DOI: 10.1055/a-1146-2861.
  • Cao, J.; Chen, L.; Li, M.; Cao, F.; Zhao, L.; Su, E. Efficient Extraction of Proanthocyanidin from Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Employing Rationally Designed Deep Eutectic Solvent-Water Mixture and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2018, 158, 317–326. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.007.
  • Kulić, Ž.; Ritter, T.; Röck, B.; Elsäßer, J.; Schneider, H.; Germer, S. A Detailed View on the Proanthocyanidins in Ginkgo Extract EGb 761. Planta Med. 2022, 88, 398–404. DOI: 10.1055/a-1379-4553.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.