References
- Abebe D., Debella A., Dejene A., Degefa A., Abebe A., Urga K., et al. Khat chewing habit as a possible risk behavior for HIV infection: A case-control study. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development 2005; 19: 3
- Adugna F., Jira C., Molla T. Khat chewing among agro high school students in Agaro, south western Ethiopia. Ethiopian Medical Journal 1994; 32: 161–166
- Al-Hebshi N., Skaug N. Khat (Catha edulis)—An updated review. Addiction Biology 2005; 10
- Ali H. A short biography of Bejirond Takla Hawariat. Senior essay, Department of History, Addis Ababa University. 1985; 299–307
- Arrafaine M. Micro-macro economic analysis of “khat” production in Ethiopia. M.A. thesis, Department of Economics, Addis Ababa University. 2004
- Bali M. Chewing khat: Reflections on the Somali male food and social life. Maroodi Jeex: Somaliland Alternative Newsletter September–November, 1997; 6: 1–9
- Belew M., Kebede D., Kassaye M., Enquoselassie F. The magnitude of khat use and its association with health, nutrition and socio-economic status. Ethiopian Medical Journal 2000; 38: 11–26
- Bhalla N. Ethiopia's khat dilemma. 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/220489/khat.htm Retrieved August 20, 2002, from
- Bishaw B. Determining options for agroforestry systems for Harerghe Highlands, Ethiopia. Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University. 1993
- Brooke C. Khat (Catha edulis): Its production and trade in the Middle East. Geographical Journal 1960; 126: 52–59
- Dhaifalah I., Šantavý J. Khat habit and its health effect. A natural amphetamine. Biomedical Papers 2004; 148: 1
- Eastern Ethiopia Zone Planning Office (EEZPO). Bulletin of the Socio-Economic Conditions in the Zone. June, 1983, Unpublished manuscript. (in Amnaric)
- El-Shoura S. M., Abdel Aziz M., Ali M. E., el-Said M. M., Ali K. Z., Kemeir M. A., et al. Deleterious effects of khat addiction on semen parameters and sperm ultrastructure. Human Reproduction 1995; 10: 2295–2300
- Ethiopian Customs and Excise Authority (ECEA). Annual External Trade Statistics, 1960–1991
- Export Facilitation and Support Committee. Overview of export and contraband trade in eastern Ethiopia: A study of challenges and solutions. Paper presented at the Workshop on Export Promotion of the Five Adjacent Regional States. 2001, Dire Dawa. (in Amharic)
- Feyissa T. H., Aune J. B. Khat expansion the Ethiopian highlands: Effects on the farming system in Habro district. Mountain Research and Development 2003; 23: 2
- Giannini A. J., Burge H., Shaheen J. M., Price W. A. Khat: Another drug abuse?. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 1986; 18: 2
- Gebissa E. Leaf of Allah: Khat and the transformation of agriculture in Harerege, Ethiopia, 1875–1991. Ohio University Press, Athens, OH 2004
- Gelaw Y., Haile-Amlak A. Khat chewing and its socio-demographic correlates among the staff of Jimma University. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development 2004; 18: 3
- Getahun A., Krikorian A. Khat: Coffee's rival from Harar, Ethiopia, I. Botany, cultivation and use. Economic Botany 1973; 27: 4
- Green R. H. Khatt & the realities of Somalis: Historic, social, household, political & economic. Review of African Political Economy 1999; 79: 33–49
- Halbach H. Khat—The problem today. Problems of drug dependence, Louis Harris. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1979; 318–319, (Research Monograph No. 27)
- Hassan N. A., Gunaid A. A., Abdo-Rabbo A. A., Abdel-Kader Z. Y., Al-Mansoob M. A., Awad A. Y., et al. The effect of qat chewing on blood pressure & heart rate in healthy volunteers. Tropical Doctor 2000; 30: 2
- Huntingford G. W. B. The glorious victories of Amda Syon, King of Ethiopia. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1965
- Kalix P. Khat: Scientific knowledge and policy issues. British Journal of Addiction 1987; 82: 42–53
- Kassaye M., Hassen T. S., Fissehaye G., Teklu T. Drug use among high school students in Addis Ababa and Butajira. The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development 1999; 13: 2
- Kebede D., Alem A., Mitike G., Enquselassie F., Berhane F., Abebe Y., et al. Khat and alcohol use and risky sex behaviour among in-school and out-of-school youth in Ethiopia. 2005, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/109 Retrieved on August 22, 2006 from
- Kebede D., Alem A., Rashid E. The prevalence & socio-demographic correlates of mental distress in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1999; 10(s397)5–10
- Kebede Y. Cigarette smoking and khat chewing among college students in north west Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development 2002; 16: 1
- Kedir A. Socioeconomic impact of export oriented agricultural production on farmers, in eastern Ethiopia, http://www.isser.org/3%20adem.pdf (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2006, from
- Kennedy J. G. The flower of paradise: Institutionalised use of drug khat in north Yemen. D. Reidel Press, DordrechtThe Netherlands 1987
- http://209.15.62.59/news/archive.php Khat cultivation is expanding at an alarming rate
- Klingele R. Hararghe farmers on the crossroad between subsistence and cash economy. UNDP-Emergency Unit for Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1998, Unpublished report
- Lemessa D. Migrants cause potential social and environmental crisis in bale. A Joint Mission by the UN-Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia with the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus and the Oromiya Regional Government Field Assessment Mission. October, 2002
- Luqman W., Danowski T. S. The use of khat (Catha edulis) in Yemen. Social and medical observations. Annals of Internal Medicine 1976; 85: 246–249
- Ministry of Foreign Trade Eastern Ethiopia Branch Office. Foreign trade activities in Harerge Province. 1999, Dire Dawa: Unpublished manuscript
- Khat has become the backbone of our country's economy. Ethiopian Daily, Moresh January 15, 2000; 1, 2000
- Mulatu E., Kassa H. Evolution of smallholder mixed farming systems in the Harar Highlands of Ethiopia: The shift towards trees and shrubs. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 2001; 18: 4
- Nencini P., Ahmed A. M. Khat consumption: A pharmacological review. Drug Alcohol Dependence 1989; 23: 1
- Pantelis C., Hindler C. G., Taylor J. C. Use and abuse of khat (Catha edulis): A review of the distribution, pharmacology, side effects and a description of psychosis attributed to khat-chewing. Psychological Medicine 1989; 19: 657–668
- Poschen P. An evaluation of the Acacia albida-based Agroforestry practices in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. Agroforestry Systems 1986; 4: 129–143
- Rafn I. K. Cash crops in combination with food crops stimulate sustainable agriculture and improved livelihoods in Africa. 2002, http://www.sustdev.org Retrieved April 12, 2006 from
- Raja'a Y. A., Norman T. A., Al Warafi A. K., Al Mashraki N. A., Al Yosofi A. M. Khat chewing is a risk factor of duodenal ulcer. East Mediterranean Health Journal 2001; 7: 568–670
- Raymakers B., Gebre S. Failure of long cycle belg maize and sorghum crops results in large food shortfall in SNNPRS. United Nations Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia, Addis Abba November, 2002
- Rushby K. Eating the flowers of paradise: A journey through the drug fields of Ethiopia and Yemen. St. Martins Press, New York 1999
- Seyoum E., Kidane Y., Gebru H., Sevenhuysen G. Preliminary study of income and nutritional status indicators in two Ethiopian communities, http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F083e/8F083E07.htm (n.d.). Retrieved March 3, 2006, from
- Szendrei K. The chemistry of khat. 1980, Bulletin on Narcotics, Special Issue Devoted to Catha edulis (khat), 0 12, 3
- Tefera T., Kirsten L., Perret S. Market incentives, farmers' response and a policy dilemma: A case study of chat production in the eastern Ethiopian highlands. Paper presented at the Workshop on Khat and the Ethiopian Reality: Production, Consumption, and Marketing. Addis Ababa University, April, 2004
- Wakjira M. A study of erosion and conservation of the Alemaya catchments. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Alemaya University. 1989
- Woldemichael W. Health hazards associated with khat consumption. Addis Tribune December 26, 2003; 8–9
- Woldemichael W. The chat problem: A reaction to Henoke Semaegzer's article in the Reporter. Addis Tribune. 9–10
- World Commission on Environment and Development. Our common future. Oxford University Press, New York 1987
- World Health Organization (WHO). Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, Thirty-Third Report. World Health Organization, Geneva 2003; 1–25, (World Health Organization Technical Report Service 915)
- Yousef G., Huq Z., Lambert T. Khat chewing as a cause of psychosis. British Journal of Hospital Medicine 1995; 54: 7
- Zeleke W. A. Crux of the matter: The emerging chat (khat) business. Addis Tribune November 19, 2004; 4, 9