A Comparison of Drug use and Dependence Between Blunt Smokers and Other Cannabis Users

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, D.C. 1994
   Google Scholar
• Amos A., Wiltshire S., Bostock Y., Haw S., McNeill A. “You can't go without a fag… you need it for your hash”—a qualitative exploration of smoking, cannabis and young people. Addiction 2004; 99(1)77–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony J. C. The epidemiology of cannabis dependence. Cannabis dependence: Its nature, consequences and treatment, R. A. Roffman, R. S. Stephens. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006; 58–105
   Google Scholar
• Aung A. T., Pickworth W. B., Moolchan E. T. History of marijuana use and tobacco smoking topography in tobacco-dependent adolescents. Addictive Behaviors 2004; 29(4)699–706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker F., Ainsworth S. R., Dye J. T., Crammer C., Thun M. J., Hoffmann D., et al. Health risks associated with cigar smoking. The Journal of American Medical Association 2000; 284(6)735–740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau N., Johnson E. O., Hiripi E., Kessler R. Nicotine dependence in the United States: prevalence, trends, and smoking persistence. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001; 58(9)810–816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castane A., Valjent E., Ledent C., Parmentier M., Maldonado R., Valverde O. Lack of CB1 cannabinoid receptors modifies nicotine behavioural responses, but not nicotine abstinence. Neuropharmacology 2002; 43(5)857–867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen K., Kandel D. B., Davies M. Relationships between frequency and quantity of marijuana use and last year proxy dependence among adolescents and adults in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1997; 46(1–2)53–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey C., Carlin J. B., Degenhardt L., Lynskey M., Sanci L., Patton G. C. Cannabis dependence in young adults: An Australian population study. Addiction 2002; 97(2)187–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton W. M., Grant B. F., Colliver J. D., Glantz M. D., Stinson F. S. Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States: 1991–1992 and 2001–2002. The Journal of American Medical Association 2004; 291(17)2114–2121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap E., Benoit E., Sifaneck S., Johnson B. D. Social constructions of dependency by blunt smokers: Qualitative reports. International Journal of Drug Policy 2006; 17: 171–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap E., Johnson B. D., Benoit E., Sifaneck S. Sessions, cyphers, and parties: settings for informal social controls of blunt smoking. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2005; 4(3–4)43–79
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fergusson D. M., Horwood L. J., Lynskey M. T., Madden P. A. Early reactions to cannabis predict later dependence. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003; 60(10)1033–1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golub A., Johnson B. D., Dunlap E. The growth in marijuana use among American youths during the 1990s and the extent of blunt smoking. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2005; 4(3–4)1–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Golub A., Johnson B. D., Dunlap E., Sifaneck S. Projecting and monitoring the life course of the marijuana/blunts generation. Journal of Drug Issues 2004; 34(2)361–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golub A. L., Johnson B. D. Cohort changes in illegal drug use among arrestees in Manhattan: from the Heroin Injection Generation to the Blunts Generation. Substance Use Misuse 1999; 34(13)1733–1763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourlay S. G., Forbes A., Marriner T., Pethica D., McNeil J. J. Prospective study of factors predicting outcome of transdermal nicotine treatment in smoking cessation. British Medical Journal 1994; 309(6958)842–846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall W., Degenhardt L. Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use in developed and developing countries. Current Opinion Psychiatry 2007; 20(4)393–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heatherton T. F., Kozlowski L. T., Frecker R. C., Fagerstrom K. O. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction 1991; 86(9)1119–1127
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelly B. C. Bongs and blunts: notes from a suburban marijuana subculture. Journal of Ethnic Substance Abuse 2005; 4(3–4)81–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King L. A. EMCDDA insights: An overview of cannabis potency in Europe. 2004, Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.eu.int
   Google Scholar
• Lynskey M. T., Coffey C., Degenhardt L., Carlin J. B., Patton G. A longitudinal study of the effects of adolescent cannabis use on high school completion. Addiction 2003; 98(5)685–692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynskey M. T., Heath A. C., Bucholz K. K., Slutske W. S., Madden P. A., Nelson E. C., et al. Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls. The Journal of American Medical Association 2003; 289(4)427–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomb M. D. Understanding the multidimensional nature of drug use and abuse: The role of consumption, risk factors, and protective factors. Vulnerability to Drug Abuse, M. Glantz, R. Pickens. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 1992; 255–297
   Google Scholar
• NSDUH. Appendix D: Recoded Substance Dependence and Abuse Variable Documentation. 2004
   Google Scholar
• Patton G. C., Coffey C., Carlin J. B., Degenhardt L., Lynskey M., Hall W. Cannabis use and mental health in young people: cohort study. British Medical Journal 2002; 325(7374)1195–1198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton G. C., Coffey C., Carlin J. B., Sawyer S. M., Lynskey M. Reverse gateways? Frequent cannabis use as a predictor of tobacco initiation and nicotine dependence. Addiction 2005; 100(10)1518–1525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao J. K., Scott A. J. The analysis of categorical data from complex sample surveys: chi-squared tests of goodness of fit and independence in two-way tables. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1981; 76: 221–230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ream G. L., Geoffrey, Johnson B. D., Sifaneck S., Dunlap E. Distinguishing blunt users from joint users: A comparison of marijuana use subcultures. Street Drugs: New Research, S. Cole. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY 2006; 245–273
   Google Scholar
• Shiffman S., Waters A., Hickcox M. The nicotine dependence syndrome scale: a multidimensional measure of nicotine dependence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2004; 6(2)327–348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifaneck S. J., Johnson B. D., Dunlap E. Cigars-for-blunts: choice of tobacco products by blunt smokers. Journal of Ethnicity Substance Abuse 2005; 4(3–4)23–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soldz S., Huyser D. J., Dorsey E. The cigar as a drug delivery device: Youth use of blunts. Addiction 2003; 98(10)1379–1386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp. Stata statistical software. Stata Corporation, College Station, TX 2005
   Google Scholar
• Timberlake D. S., Haberstick B. C., Hopfer C. J., Bricker J., Sakai J. T., Lessem J. M., et al. Progression from marijuana use to daily smoking and nicotine dependence in a national sample of U.S. adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 88(2–3)272–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar