Undifferentiated Gender Role Orientation, Drinking Motives, and Increased Alcohol Use in Men and Women

References

• Avery, D. R. (2003). Personality as a predictor of the value of voice. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 137, 435–446. doi:10.1080/00223980309600626
   Google Scholar
• Avery, A. W. (1982). Escaping loneliness in adolescence: The case for androgyny. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 11, 451–459. doi:10.1007/BF01538806
   Google Scholar
• Babor, T. F., Higgins-Biddle, J. C., Saunders, J. B., & Monteiro, M. G. (2001). The alcohol use disorders identification test: Guidelines for use in primary care, Second Edition. Washington, DC: World Health Organization Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baer, J. S. (2002). Student factors: Understanding individual variation in college drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 14, 40–53.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, A. E., & White, H. (2002). Trajectories of gender role orientations in adolescence and early adulthood: A prospective study of the mental health effects of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 451–468. doi:10.2307/3090237
   Google Scholar
• Beckman, L. J. (1978). Sex-role conflict in alcoholic women: Myth or reality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 408–417. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.87.4.408
   Google Scholar
• Beere, C. A. (1990). Gender roles: A handbook of tests and measures. New York, NY: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, R., Havlicek, P. L., & Roncek, D. W. (1984). Sex differences in the use of alcohol and tranquilizers: Testing a role convergence hypothesis. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 10, 551–561. doi:10.3109/00952998409001492
   Google Scholar
• Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155–162. doi:10.1037/h0036215
   Google Scholar
• Bem, S. L. (1977). On the utility of alternative procedures for assessing psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, 45, 196–205. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.45.2.196
   Google Scholar
• Bem, S. L. (1982). Gender schema theory and self-schema theory compared: A comment on Markus, Crane, Bernstein, and Siladi's ‘Self-schemas and gender.’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(6), 1192–1194. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.6.1192
   Google Scholar
• Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012). Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk. Political Analysis, 20, 351–368. doi:10.1093/pan/mpr057
   Google Scholar
• Blalock, J. A., & Joiner, J. E. (2000). Interaction of cognitive avoidance coping and stress in predicting depression/anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 47–65. doi:10.1023/A:1005450908245
   Google Scholar
• Brabete, A. C., Sánchez-López, M. P., Cuéllar-Flores, I., & Rivas-Diez, R. (2013). The impact of gender norms on alcohol and tobacco use on Romanians. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 78, 230–234. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.285
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, P. L., & Moos, R. H. (1996). Late-life problem drinking: Personal and environmental risk factors for 4-source functioning outcomes and treatment seeking. Journal of Substance Abuse, 8, 167–180. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(96)90227-8
   Google Scholar
• Bruce, G., Curren, C., & Williams, L. (2013). Type D personality, alcohol dependence, and drinking motives in the general population. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(1), 120–124.
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2010). National Crime Victimization Survey. Criminal victimization survey: findings concerning the role of alcohol use in violent crimes from 1978–2009. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=94
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (1999). Drinking to cope with negative affect and DSM-IV alcohol use disorders: A test of three alternative explanations. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60(5), 694–704.
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). Injury prevention and control: motor vehicle safety. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/impaired_driving/impaired-drv_factsheet.html
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, C. (2005). Processes underlying gender-role flexibility: Do androgynous individuals know more or know how to cope? Journal of Personality, 73, 645–673. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00324.x
   Google Scholar
• Chomak, S., & Collins, R. (1987). Relationship between sex-role behaviors and alcohol consumption in undergraduate men and women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 48(3), 194–201.
   Google Scholar
• Christie-Mizell, C. A., & Peralta, R. L. (2009). The gender gap in alcohol consumption during late adolescence and young adulthood: Gender attitudes and adult roles. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50, 410–26. doi:10.1177/002214650905000403
   Google Scholar
• Comeau, N., Stewart, S., & Loba, P. (2001). The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity and sensation seeking to adolescents' motivations for alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use. Addictive Behaviors, 26(6), 803–825.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, M. L. (1994). Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 6, 117–128. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.117
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, M., Agocha, V., & Sheldon, M. S. (2000). A motivational perspective on risky behaviors: The role of personality and affect regulatory processes. Journal of Personality, 68, 1069–1088. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00126
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., & George, W. H. (1988). Coping, expectancies, and alcohol abuse: A test of social learning formulations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 218–220. doi:10.1037//0021-843X.97.2.218
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, M., Russell, M., Skinner, J. B., Frone, M. R., & Mudar, P. (1995). Stress and alcohol use: Moderating effects of gender, coping, and alcohol expectancies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 139–152. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.101.1.139
   Google Scholar
• Courtenay, W. H. (2000). Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health. Social Science and Medicine, 50, 1385–1401. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00390-1
   Google Scholar
• Cox, W., & Klinger, E. (1988). A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 168–180. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.97.2.168
   Google Scholar
• Cutter, H. S. G., & O'Farrell, T. J. (1984). Relationship between reasons for drinking and customary drinking behavior. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 45(4), 321–325.
   Google Scholar
• de Visser, R. O., & McDonnell, E. J. (2012). ‘That's OK. He's a guy’: A mixed-methods study of gender double-standards for alcohol use. Psychology & Health, 27, 618–639. doi:10.1080/08870446.2011.617444
   Google Scholar
• de Visser, R. O., & Smith, J. A. (2007). Alcohol consumption and masculine identity among young men. Psychology & Health, 22, 595–614. doi:10.1080/14768320600941772
   Google Scholar
• Eichinger, J. (2000). Job stress and satisfaction among special education teachers: Effects of gender and social role orientation. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 47, 397–412. doi:10.1080/713671153
   Google Scholar
• Evans, J., Frank, B., Oliffe, J. L., & Gregory, D. (2011). Health, illness, men and masculinities (HIMM): A theoretical framework for understanding men and their health. Journal of Men's Health, 8, 7–15. doi:10.1016/j.jomh.2010.09.227
   Google Scholar
• Fillmore, K. M. (1984). When angels fall: Women's drinking as cultural preoccupation and as reality. In S. C. Wilsnack & L. J. Beckman (Eds.), Alcohol problems in women: Antecedents, consequences and interventions (pp. 7–36). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flett, G. L., Krames, L., & Vredenburg, K. (2009). Personality characteristics in clinical depression and remitted depression: An analysis of instrumental-agentic and expressive-communal characteristics. Current Psychology, 28, 240–248. doi:10.1007/s12144-009-9063-0
   Google Scholar
• Gianakos, I. (2002). Predictors of coping with work stress: The influences of sex, gender role, social desirability, and locus of control. Sex Roles, 46, 149–158. doi:10.1023/A:1019675218338
   Google Scholar
• Gill, S., Stockard, J., Johnson, M., & Williams, S. (1987). Measuring gender differences: The expressive dimension and critique of androgyny scales. Sex Roles, 17, 375–400. doi:10.10007/BF00288142
   Google Scholar
• Griffin-Shelley, E. (1986). Sex roles in addiction: Defense or deficit?. International Journal of the Addictions, 21(12), 1307–1312.
   Google Scholar
• Griffith, D. M., Gunter, K., & Watkins, D. C. (2012). Measuring masculinity in research on men of color: Findings and future directions. American Journal of Public Health, 102, S187–S194. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300715
   Google Scholar
• Groeschel, B., Wester, S., & Sedivy, S. (2010). Gender role conflict, alcohol, and help seeking among college men. Psychology Of Men & Masculinity, 11(2), 123–139. doi:10.1037/a0018365
   Google Scholar
• Grucza, R. A., Norberg, K. E., & Bierut, L. J. (2009). Binge drinking among youths and young adults in the United States: 1979–2006. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 692–702. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181a2b32f
   Google Scholar
• Gual, A., Segura, L., Contel, M., Heather, N., & Colom, J. (2002). AUDIT-3 and AUDIT-4: Effectiveness of two short forms of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 37, 591–596. doi:10.1093/alcalc/37.6.591
   Google Scholar
• Hasin, D. S., & Grant, B. F. (2015). The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Waves 1 and 2: Review and summary of findings. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50, 1609–1640.
   Google Scholar
• Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Ogburn, E., & Grant, B. F. (2007). Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 830–842. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.830
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Helzer, J. E., & Pryzbeck, T. R. (1988). The co-occurrence of alcoholism with other psychiatric disorders in the general population and its impact on treatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 49(3), 219–224.
   Google Scholar
• Hensing, G. G., Spak, F. F., Thundal, K. L., & Östlund, A. A. (2003). Decreased risk of alcohol dependence and/or misuse in women with high self-assertiveness and leadership abilities. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 38, 232–238. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agg058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepp, U., Spindler, A., & Milos, G. (2005). Eating disorder symptomatology and gender role orientation. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37, 227–233. doi:10.1002/eat.20087
   Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E., Dunahoo, C. L., Ben-Porath, Y., & Monnier, J. (1994). Gender and coping: The dual-axis model of coping. American Journal of Community Psychology, 22, 49–82. doi:10.1007/BF02506817
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, R. M., & Borders, L. D. (2001). Twenty-five sources after the Bem Sex-Role Inventory: A reassessment and new issues regarding classification variability. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34(1), 39–55.
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz, A. V., & White, H. R. (1987). Gender role orientations and styles of pathology among adolescents. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 28, 158–170. doi:10.2307/2137129
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Google Scholar
• Huselid, R. F., & Cooper, M. (1992). Gender roles as mediators of sex differences in adolescent alcohol use and abuse. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33, 348–362. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.5.927
   Google Scholar
• Iwamoto, D. K., Cheng, A., Lee, C. S., Takamatsu, S., & Gordon, D. (2011). “Man-ing” up and getting drunk: The role of masculine norms, alcohol intoxication and alcohol-related problems among college men. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 906–911. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.04.005
   Google Scholar
• Iwamoto, D. K., Grivel, M., Cheng, A., Clinton, L., & Kaya, A. (2015). Asian American women and alcohol-related problems: The role of multidimensional feminine norms. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 18, 360–368. doi:10.1007/s10903-015-0159-3
   Google Scholar
• Iwamoto, D. K., & Smiler, A. P. (2013). Alcohol makes you macho and helps you make friends: the role of masculine norms and peer pressure in adolescent boys' and girls' alcohol use. Substance Use and Misuse, 48, 371–378. doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.765479
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R, Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
   Google Scholar
• Keyes, K. M., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2008). Evidence for a closing gender gap in alcohol use, abuse, and dependence in the United States population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93, 21–29. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.017
   Google Scholar
• Koch-Hattem, A., & Denman, D. (1987). Factors associated with young adult alcohol abuse. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 22(2), 181–192.
   Google Scholar
• Kopper, B. A., & Epperson, D. L. (1991). Women and anger: Sex and sex-role comparisons in the expression of anger. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 7–14. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00474.x
   Google Scholar
• Kubicka, L., Csémy, L., Duplinsky, J., & Kozeny, J. (1998). Czech men's drinking in changing political climates 1983–93: A three-wave longitudinal study. Addiction, 93(8), 1219–1230 12p. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.938121910.x
   Google Scholar
• Kuntsche, E., von Fischer, M., & Gmel, G. (2008). Personality factors and alcohol use: A mediator analysis of drinking motives. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 796–800. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.009
   Google Scholar
• Lefkowitz, E. S., & Zeldow, P. B. (2006). Masculinity and femininity predict optimal mental health: A belated test of the androgyny hypothesis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 95–101. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8701_08
   Google Scholar
• Lengua, L. J., & Stormshak, E. A. (2000). Gender, gender roles and personality: Gender differences in the prediction of coping and psychological symptoms. Sex Roles, 43, 787–820. doi:10.1023/A:1011096604861
   Google Scholar
• Lenney, E. (1991). Measures of Gender Role. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 573–661). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, W., & Iwamoto, D. (2007). Conformity to masculine norms, Asian values, coping strategies, peer group influences and substance use among Asian American men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 8, 25–39. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.8.1.25
   Google Scholar
• Loukas, A., Krull, J. L., Chassin, L., & Carle, A. C. (2000). The relation of personality to alcohol abuse/dependence in a high-risk sample. Journal of Personality, 68, 1153–1175. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00130
   Google Scholar
• Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B., Ludlow, L., Diemer, M., Scott, R. P. J., & Gottfried, M. (2003). Development of the conformity to masculine norms inventory. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 4, 3–25. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.3
   Google Scholar
• Mahalik, J. R., Talmadge, W. T., Locke, B. D., & Scott, R. J. (2005). Using the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory to work with men in a clinical setting. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 661–674. doi:10.1002/jclp.20101
   Google Scholar
• Martens, M. P., Cox, R. H., & Beck, N. C. (2003). Negative consequences of intercollegiate athlete drinking: The role of drinking motives. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64(6), 825–828.
   Google Scholar
• McCreary, D. R., Newcomb, M. D., & Sadava, S. W. (1999). The male role, alcohol use, and alcohol problems: A structural modeling examination in adult women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 109–124. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.46.1.109
   Google Scholar
• McPherson, M., Casswell, S., & Pledger, M. (2004). Gender convergence in alcohol consumption and related problems: Issues and outcomes from comparisons of New Zealand survey data. Addiction, 99, 738–748. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00758.x
   Google Scholar
• Merrill, J. E., & Read, J. P. (2010). Motivational pathways to unique types of alcohol consequences. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24, 705–711. doi:10.1037/a0020135
   Google Scholar
• Möller-Leimkühler, A. M., Schwarz, R. R., Burtscheidt, W. W., & Gaebel, W. W. (2002). Alcohol dependence and gender-role orientation. European Psychiatry, 17, 1–8. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(02)00624-7
   Google Scholar
• Monk, D., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2003). Three dimensions of the male gender role as correlates of alcohol and cannabis involvement in young Australian men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 4, 57–69. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.57
   Google Scholar
• Munné, M. I. (2005). Alcohol and the economic crisis in Argentina: Recent findings. Addiction, 100, 1790–1799. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01248.x
   Google Scholar
• Mushquash, C. J., Stewart, S. H., Mushquash, A. R., Comeau, M., & McGrath, P. J. (2013). Personality traits and drinking motives predict alcohol misuse among Canadian aboriginal youth. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12, 270–282 doi:10.1007/s11469-013-9451-4
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). (2015). Alcohol use facts and statistics brochure. Retrieved from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AlcoholFacts&Stats/AlcoholFacts&Stats.htm
   Google Scholar
• O'Neil, J. M. (2008). Summarizing 25 sources of research on men's gender role conflict using the Gender Role Conflict Scale: New research paradigms and clinical implications. The Counseling Psychologist, 36, 358–445. doi:10.1177/0011000008317057
   Google Scholar
• Oswald, P. A. (2004). An examination of the current usefulness of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Psychological Reports, 94, 1331–1336.
   Google Scholar
• Paolacci, G., Chandler, J., & Ipeirotis, P. G. (2010). Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Judgment and Decision Making, 5(5), 411–419.
   Google Scholar
• Peralta, R. L. (2007). College alcohol use and the embodiment of hegemonic masculinity among European American men. Sex Roles, 56, 741–756. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9233-1
   Google Scholar
• Peralta, R. L., Steele, J. L., Nofziger, S., & Rickles, M. (2010). The impact of gender on binge drinking behavior among American college students attending a midwestern university: An analysis of two gender measures. Feminist Criminology, 5, 355–379. doi:10.1177/1557085110386363
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, A. (2009). Future research agenda in men's health. In A. Tovey & P. Bloom (Eds.), Men's health: Body, identity and social context (pp. 202–213). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Plant, M., Miller, P., & Plant, M. (2005). The relationship between alcohol consumption and problem behaviours: Gender differences among British adults. Journal of Substance Use, 10, 22–30. doi:10.1080/1465989042000271282
   Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
   Google Scholar
• Ptacek, J. T., Smith, R. E., & Dodge, K. L. (1994). Gender differences in coping with stress: When stressor and appraisals do not differ. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 421–430. doi:10.1177/0146167294204009
   Google Scholar
• Rabow, J., Watts, R. K., Hernandez, A. C., & Sappington, L. A. (1992). Gender commitment and alcohol consumption. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 38(1), 50–60.
   Google Scholar
• Reinert, D. F., & Allen, J. P. (2007). The alcohol use disorders identification test: An update of research findings. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 185–199. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00295.x
   Google Scholar
• Renk, K., & Creasey, G. (2003). The relationship of gender, gender identity and coping strategies in late adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 26, 159–168. doi:10.1016/S0140-1971(02)00135-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Lopez, M. P., Cuellar-Flores, I., & Dresch, V. (2012). The impact of gender roles on health. Women & Health, 52, 182–196. doi:10.1080/03630242.2011.652352
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Lopez, M. P., Rivas-Diez, R., & Cuellar-Flores, I. (2013). Masculinity and femininity as predictors of tobacco and alcohol consumption in Spanish university students. Health and Addictions, 13, 15–22. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.2036.2400
   Google Scholar
• Seedat, S., Scott, K. M., Angermeyer, M. C., Berglund, P. A., Bromet, E. J., Brugha, T. S., & Kessler, R. C. (2009). Cross-national associations between gender and mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 785–795. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36
   Google Scholar
• Snell, W. E., Belk, S. S., & Hawkins, R. C. (1987). Alcohol and drug use in stressful times: The influence of the masculine role and sex-related personality attributes. Sex Roles, 16, 359–373. doi:10.1007/BF00289548
   Google Scholar
• Sorell, G. T., Silvia, L. Y., & Busch-Rossnagel, N. A. (1993). Sex-role orientation and self esteem in alcoholic and nonalcoholic women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 54(5), 566–573.
   Google Scholar
• Spence, J. T. (1991). Do the BSRI and PAQ measure the same of different concepts? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 141–165.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, S. H., & Devine, H. (2000). Relations between personality and drinking motives in young people. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 495–511. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00210-X
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, S. H., Loughlin, H., & Rhyno, E. (2001). Internal drinking motives mediate personality domain drinking relations in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 217–286. doi:10.1016/So191-8869(00)00044-1
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2014). Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of national findings ( NSDUH Series H-48, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4863). Rockville, MD: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Timko, C., Finney, J. W., & Moos, R. H. (2005). The 8-source course of alcohol abuse: Gender differences in social context and coping. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29, 612–621. doi:10.1097/01.ALC.0000158832.07705.22
   Google Scholar
• Uy, P. J., Massoth, N. A., & Gottdiener, W. H. (2013). Rethinking male drinking: traditional masculine ideologies, gender-role conflict, and drinking motives. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15, 121–128. doi:10.1037/a003223
   Google Scholar
• Van Gundy, K., Schieman, S., Kelley, M. S., & Rebellon, C. J. (2005). Gender role orientations and alcohol use among Moscow and Toronto adults. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 2317–2330. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.033
   Google Scholar
• Williams, R. J., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (1999). Gender congruence in confirmatory and compensatory drinking. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 133, 323–331. doi:10.1080/00223989909599745
   Google Scholar
• Wills, T. A. (1986). Stress and coping in early adolescence: Relationships to substance use in urban school samples. Health Psychology, 5, 503–529. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.5.6.503
   Google Scholar
• Wilsnack, R. W., & Wilsnack, S. C. (1978). Sex roles and drinking among adolescent girls. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 39(11), 1855–1874.
   Google Scholar
• Wilsnack, R. W., & Wilsnack, S. C. (2013). Gender and alcohol: Consumption and consequences. In P. Boyle, P. Boffetta, A. B. Lowenfels, H. Burns, O. Brawley, W. Zatonski, & J. Rehm (Eds.), Alcohol: Science, policy, and public health (pp. 153–160). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655786.003.0017
   Google Scholar
• Xishan, H., Xiao-Lu, Z., Juan, Z., Lin, Z., & Kunio, S. (2012). Relationships among androgyny, self-esteem, and trait coping style of Chinese university students. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 40, 1005–1014.
   Google Scholar
• Zeldow, P. B., Clark, D., & Daugherty, S. R. (1985). Masculinity, femininity, Type-A behavior, and psychosocial adjustment in medical students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 481–492. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.2.481
   Google Scholar