258
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Gender and Sex Trading Among Active Methamphetamine Users in Cape Town, South Africa

, , &

References

  • Anthony, J. C., Warner, L. A., & Kessler, R. C. (1994). Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2(3), 244–268.doi:10.1037/1064-1297.2.3.244
  • Arnold, M. P., Struthers, H., McIntyre, J., & Lane, T. (2013). Contextual correlates of per partner unprotected anal intercourse rates among MSM in Soweto, South Africa. AIDS Behavior, 17(Suppl 1), S4–S11. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0324-9
  • Azim, T., Chowdhury, E. I., Reza, M., Ahmed, M., Uddin, M. T., Khan, R., … Strathdee, S. A. (2006). Vulnerability to HIV infection among sex worker and non-sex worker female injecting drug users in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Evidence from the baseline survey of a cohort study. Harm Reduction Journal, 3, 33. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-3-33
  • Baral, S., Adams, D., Lebona, J., Kaibe, B., Letsie, P., Tshehlo, R., … Beyrer, C. (2011). A cross-sectional assessment of population demographics, HIV risks and human rights contexts among men who have sex with men in Lesotho. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 14, 36.doi:10.1186/1758-2652-14-36
  • Baral, S., Beyrer, C., Muessig, K., Poteat, T., Wirtz, A. L., … Kerrigan, D. (2012). Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12(7), 538–549. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70066-x
  • Baral, S., Trapence, G., Motimedi, F., Umar, E., Iipinge, S., Dausab, F., & Beyrer, C. (2009). HIV prevalence, risks for HIV infection, and human rights among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. PLoS One, 4(3), e4997. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004997
  • Basu, I., Jana, S., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Swendeman, D., Lee, S. J., Newman, P., & Weiss, R. (2004). HIV prevention among sex workers in India. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 36(3), 845–852.
  • Beksinska, M. E., Smit, J. A., & Mantell, J. E. (2012). Progress and challenges to male and female condom use in South Africa. Sex Health, 9(1), 51–58. doi:10.1071/sh11011
  • Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., … Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27(2), 169–190.
  • Bobashev, G. V., Zule, W. A., Osilla, K. C., Kline, T. L., & Wechsberg, W. M. (2009). Transactional sex among men and women in the south at high risk for HIV and other STIs. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 86(Suppl 1), 32–47. doi:10.1007/s11524-009-9368-1
  • Cavazos-Rehg, P. A., Spitznagel, E. L., Schootman, M., Strickland, J. R., Afful, S. E., Cottler, L. B., & Bierut, L. J. (2009). Risky sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted diseases: a comparison study of cocaine-dependent individuals in treatment versus a community-matched sample. Aids Patient Care and STDs, 23(9), 727–734. doi:10.1089/apc.2008.0272
  • Church, S., Henderson, M., Barnard, M., & Hart, G. (2001). Violence by clients towards female prostitutes in different work settings: questionnaire survey. BMJ, 322(7285), 524–525.
  • City of Cape Town. (2013). 2011 Census Suburb Delft. Cape Town, South Africa: Strategic Development Information and GIS Department.
  • Cluver, L., Boyes, M., Orkin, M., Pantelic, M., Molwena, T., & Sherr, L. (2013). Child-focused state cash transfers and adolescent risk of HIV infection in South Africa: A propensity-score-matched case-control study. Lancet Global Health, 1(6), e362–370. doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70115-3
  • Dolezal, C., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F., Liu, X., Ehrhardt, A. A., Exner, T. M., Rabkin, J. G., … Stern, Y. (1999). Longitudinal changes in sexual risk behavior among HIV+ and HIV− male injecting drug users. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(2), 281–303.
  • Dunkle, K. L., Beksinska, M. E., Rees, V. H., Ballard, R. C., Htun, Y., & Wilson, M. L. (2005). Risk factors for HIV infection among sex workers in Johannesburg, South Africa. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 16(3), 256–261. doi:10.1258/0956462053420220
  • Dunkle, K. L., Jewkes, R. K., Brown, H. C., Gray, G. E., McIntryre, J. A., & Harlow, S. D. (2004). Transactional sex among women in Soweto, South Africa: prevalence, risk factors and association with HIV infection. Social Science & Medicine, 59(8), 1581–1592. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.02.003
  • Edwards, D. J. A. (2009). Treating posttraumatic stress disorder in South Africa: An integrative model grounded in case-based research. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 19(2), 189–198. doi:10.1080/14330237.2009.10820278
  • Edwards, J. M., Halpern, C. T., & Wechsberg, W. M. (2006). Correlates of exchanging sex for drugs or money among women who use crack cocaine. AIDS Education and Prevention, 18(5), 420–429.
  • Ehrhardt, A. A., Exner, T., Hoffman, S., Silberman, I., Leu, C.-S., Miller, S., & Levin, B. (2002). A gender-specific HIV/STD risk reduction intervention for women in a health care setting: short- and long-term results of a randomized clinical trial. AIDS Care, 14(2), 147–161.
  • El-Bassel, N., Witte, S. S., Wada, T., Gilbert, L., & Wallace, J. (2001). Correlates of partner violence among female street-based sex workers: substance abuse, history of childhood abuse, and HIV risks. AIDS Patient Care STDs, 15(1), 41–51. doi:10.1089/108729101460092
  • Elkington, K. S., McKinnon, K., Mann, C. G., Collins, P. Y., Leu, C. S., & Wainberg, M. L. (2010). Perceived mental illness stigma and HIV risk behaviors among adult psychiatric outpatients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Community Mental Health Journal, 46(1), 56–64. doi:10.1007/s10597-009-9209-4
  • Elmore-Meegan, M., Conroy, R. M., & Agala, C. B. (2004). Sex workers in Kenya, numbers of clients and associated risks: An exploratory survey. Reproductive Health Matters, 12(23), 50–57.
  • Elwood, W. N., Williams, M. L., Bell, D. C., & Richard, A. J. (1997). Powerlessness and HIV prevention among people who trade sex for drugs (‘strawberries’). AIDS Care, 9(3), 273–284. doi:10.1080/713613155
  • Floyd, L. J., Hedden, S., Lawson, A., Salama, C., Moleko, A. G., & Latimer, W. (2010). The association between poly-substance use, coping, and sex trade among black South African substance users. Substance Use & Misuse, 45(12), 1971–1987. doi:10.3109/10826081003767635
  • Ford, K., Wirawan, D. N., Suastina, S. S., Reed, B. D., & Muliawan, P. (2000). Evaluation of a peer education programme for female sex workers in Bali, Indonesia. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 11(11), 731–733.
  • Gilchrist, G., Gruer, L., & Atkinson, J. (2005). Comparison of drug use and psychiatric morbidity between prostitute and non-prostitute female drug users in Glasgow, Scotland. Addictive Behaviors, 30(5), 1019–1023. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.09.003
  • Golder, S., & Logan, T. K. (2007). Correlates and predictors of women's sex trading over time among a sample of out-of-treatment drugs abusers. AIDS and Behavior, 11(4), 628–640. doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9158-7
  • Gysels, M., Pool, R., & Nnalusiba, B. (2002). Women who sell sex in a Ugandan trading town: Life histories, survival strategies and risk. Social Science & Medicine, 54(2), 179–192.
  • Harzke, A. J., Williams, M. L., & Bowen, A. M. (2009). Binge use of crack cocaine and sexual risk behaviors among African-American, HIV-positive users. Addictive Behaviors, 13(6), 1106–1118. doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9450-9
  • Inciardi, J. A., & Surratt, H. L. (2001). Drug use, street crime, and sex-trading among cocaine-dependent women: implications for public health and criminal justice policy. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 33(4), 379–389. doi:10.1080/02791072.2001.10399923
  • Jaccard, J. (2001). Interaction effects in logistic regression. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Johnson, J. E., Peabody, M. E., Wechsberg, W. M., Rosen, R. K., Fernandes, K., & Zlotnick, C. (2014). Feasibility of an HIV/STI risk-reduction program for incarcerated women who have experienced interpersonal violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, doi:10.1177/0886260514555013
  • Johnson, K., Dada, S., Burnhams, N., Parry, C., Bhana, A., Timol, F., … Weimann, R.(2014). Monitoring alcohol & drug abuse trends in South Africa. South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU), 17(1), 1–16.
  • Kimani, S. M., Watt, M. H., Merli, M. G., Skinner, D., Myers, B., Pieterse, D., … Meade, C. S. (2014). Respondent driven sampling is an effective method for engaging methamphetamine users in HIV prevention research in South Africa. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 143, 134–140. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.018
  • Kimerling, R., Ouimette, P., Prins, A., Nisco, P., Lawler, C., Cronkite, R., & Moos, R. H. (2006). Brief report: Utility of a short screening scale for DSM-IV PTSD in primary care. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(1), 65–67. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.00292.x
  • Kroenke, K. M. D., & Spitzer, R. L. M. D. (2002). The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatric Annals, 32(9), 509–515.
  • Lane, T., Raymond, H. F., Dladla, S., Rasethe, J., Struthers, H., McFarland, W., & McIntyre, J. (2011). High HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men in Soweto, South Africa: results from the Soweto Men's Study. AIDS and Behavior, 15(3), 626–634. doi:10.1007/s10461-009-9598-y
  • Lane, T., Shade, S. B., McIntyre, J., & Morin, S. F. (2008). Alcohol and sexual risk behavior among men who have sex with men in South African township communities. AIDS Behavior, 12(4 Suppl), S78–S85. doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9389-x
  • Larsen, M. M., Sartie, M. T., Musa, T., Casey, S. E., Tommy, J., & Saldinger, M. (2004). Changes in HIV/AIDS/STI knowledge, attitudes and practices among commercial sex workers and military forces in Port Loko, Sierra Leone. Disasters, 28(3), 239–254. doi:10.1111/j.0361-3666.2004.00256.x
  • Latkin, C. A., Hua, W., & Forman, V. L. (2003). The relationship between social network characteristics and exchanging sex for drugs or money among drug users in Baltimore, MD, USA. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 14(11), 770–775.
  • Lehohla, P. (2012). Census 2011 municipal report: Western Cape. Pretoria, South Africa: Statistics South Africa.
  • Leibowitz-Levy, S. (2005). The role of brief-term interventions with South African child trauma survivors. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 15(2), 155–163.
  • Logan, T. K., & Leukefeld, C. (2000). Sexual and drug use behaviors among female crack users: a multi-site sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 58(3), 237–245.
  • Masvawure, T. B., Sandfort, T. G., Reddy, V., Collier, K. L., & Lane, T. (2015). ‘They think that gays have money’: Gender identity and transactional sex among Black men who have sex with men in four South African townships. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17, 891–905. doi:10.1080/13691058.2015.1007168
  • McLellan, A. T., Kushner, H., Metzger, D., Peters, R., Smith, I., Grissom, G., … Argeriou, M. (1992). The fifth edition of the Addiction Severity Index. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 9(3), 199–213.
  • Meade, C. S., Watt, M. H., Sikkema, K. J., Deng, L. X., Ranby, K. W., Skinner, D., … Kalichmann, S. C. (2012). Methamphetamine use is associated with childhood sexual abuse and HIV sexual risk behaviors among patrons of alcohol-serving venues in Cape Town, South Africa. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 126(1–2), 232–239. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.024
  • Metzger, D. S., Woody, G. E., & O'Brien, C. P. (2010). Drug treatment as HIV prevention: A research update. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 55(Suppl 1), S32–S36.
  • Meyer-Bahlburg, H., Ehrhardt, A., Exner, T. M., & Gruen, R. S. (1991). Sexual Risk Behavior Assessment Schedule—Adult—Armory Interview (SERBAS-A-ARM). New York, NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University.
  • Molitor, F., Ruiz, J. D., Flynn, N., Mikanda, J. N., Sun, R. K., & Anderson, R. (1999). Methamphetamine use and sexual and injection risk behaviors among out-of-treatment injection drug users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(3), 475–493.
  • Morisky, D. E., Stein, J. A., Chiao, C., Ksobiech, K., & Malow, R. (2006). Impact of a social influence intervention on condom use and sexually transmitted infections among establishment-based female sex workers in the Philippines: A multilevel analysis. Health Psychology, 25(5), 595–603. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.5.595
  • Myers, B., Kline, T. L., Browne, F. A., Carney, T., Parry, C., Johnson, K., & Wechsberg, W. M. (2013). Ethnic differences in alcohol and drug use and related sexual risks for HIV among vulnerable women in Cape Town, South Africa: Implications for interventions. BMC Public Health, 13, 174. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-174
  • Ouellet, L. J., Wiebel, W. W., Jimenez, A. D., & Johnson, W. A. (1993). Crack cocaine and the transformation of prostitution in three Chicago neighborhoods. In M. Ratner (Ed.), Crack pipe as pimp: An ethnographic investigation of sex-for-crack exchanges (pp. 72–95). New York, NY: Lexington Books.
  • Panenka, W. J., Procyshyn, R. M., Lecomte, T., MacEwan, G. W., Flynn, S. W., Honer, W. G., & Barr, A. M. (2013). Methamphetamine use: a comprehensive review of molecular, preclinical and clinical findings. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 129(3), 167–179. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.016
  • Parry, C., Petersen, P., Dewing, S., Carney, T., Needle, R., Kroeger, K., & Treger, L. (2008). Rapid assessment of drug-related HIV risk among men who have sex with men in three South African cities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95(1–2), 45–53. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.12.005
  • Pluddemann, A., Flisher, A. J., Mathews, C., Carney, T., & Lombard, C. (2008). Adolescent methamphetamine use and sexual risk behaviour in secondary school students in Cape Town, South Africa. Drug and Alcohol Review, 27(6), 687–692. doi:10.1080/09595230802245253
  • Pluddemann, A., Parry, C. D., Flisher, A. J., & Jordaan, E. (2008). Heroin users in Cape Town, South Africa: Injecting practices, HIV-related risk behaviors, and other health consequences. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40(3), 273–279. doi:10.1080/02791072.2008.10400642
  • Ramjee, G., Karim, S. S., & Sturm, A. W. (1998). Sexually transmitted infections among sex workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 25(7), 346–349.
  • Rispel, L. C., Metcalf, C. A., Cloete, A., Moorman, J., & Reddy, V. (2011). You become afraid to tell them that you are gay: Health service utilization by men who have sex with men in South African cities. Journal of Public Health Policy, 32(Suppl 1), S137–S151. doi:10.1057/jphp.2011.29
  • Risser, J. M., Timpson, S. C., McCurdy, S. A., Ross, M. W., & Williams, M. L. (2006). Psychological correlates of trading sex for money among African American crack cocaine smokers. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 32(4), 645–653. doi:10.1080/00952990600919062
  • Sawyer, K. M., Wechsberg, W. M., & Myers, B. J. (2006). Cultural similarities and differences between a sample of Black/African and colored women in South Africa: Convergence of risk related to substance use, sexual behavior, and violence. Women Health, 43(2), 73–92. doi:10.1300/J013v43n02_05
  • Semple, S. J., Strathdee, S. A., Zians, J., & Patterson, T. L. (2010). Social and behavioral characteristics of HIV-positive MSM who trade sex for methamphetamine. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(6), 325–331. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.505273
  • Semple, S. J., Strathdee, S. A., Zians, J., & Patterson, T. L. (2011). Correlates of trading sex for methamphetamine in a sample of HIV-negative heterosexual methamphetamine users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(2), 79–88. doi:10.1080/02791072.2011.587390
  • Shannon, K., Strathdee, S. A., Goldenberg, S. M., Duff, P., Mwangi, P., Rusakova, M., … Boily, M. C. (2015). Global epidemiology of HIV among female sex workers: influence of structural determinants. Lancet, 385(9962), 55–71. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60931-4
  • Sherman, S. G., Sutcliffe, C., Srirojn, B., Latkin, C. A., Aramratanna, A., & Celentano, D. D. (2009). Evaluation of a peer network intervention trial among young methamphetamine users in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Social Science & Medicine, 68(1), 69–79. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.061
  • Shisana, O., Rehle, T., Simbayi, L. C., Zuma, K., Jooste, S., Zungu, N., Labadarios, D., … Onoya, D.(2014). South African National HIV prevalence, incidence and behaviour survey, 2012. Cape Town, South Africa: HSRC Press.
  • Simbayi, L. C., Kalichman, S. C., Cain, D., Cherry, C., Henda, N., & Cloette, A. (2006). Methamphetamine use and sexual risks for HIV infection in Cape Town, South Africa. Journal of Substance Use, 11(4), 291–300. doi:10.1080/14659890600625767
  • Sorensen, J. L., & Copeland, A. L. (2000). Drug abuse treatment as an HIV prevention strategy: A review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 59(1), 17–31.
  • Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). The revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283–316.
  • Tross, S., Campbell, A. N., Cohen, L. R., Calsyn, D., Pavlicova, M., Miele, G. M., … Nunes, E. V. (2008). Effectiveness of HIV/STD sexual risk reduction groups for women in substance abuse treatment programs: Results of NIDA Clinical Trials Network Trial. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 48(5), 581–589. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31817efb6e
  • Tucker, A., de Swardt, G., Struthers, H., & McIntyre, J. (2013). Understanding the needs of township men who have sex with men (MSM) health outreach workers: Exploring the interplay between volunteer training, social capital and critical consciousness. AIDS and Behavior, 17(Suppl 1), S33–542. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0287-x
  • Tucker, A., Liht, J., de Swardt, G., Jobson, G., Rebe, K., McIntyre, J., & Struthers, H. (2014). Homophobic stigma, depression, self-efficacy and unprotected anal intercourse for peri-urban township men who have sex with men in Cape Town, South Africa: A cross-sectional association model. AIDS Care, 26(7), 882–889. doi:10.1080/09540121.2013.859652
  • Walden, V. M., Mwangulube, K., & Makhumula-Nkhoma, P. (1999). Measuring the impact of a behaviour change intervention for commercial sex workers and their potential clients in Malawi. Health Education Research, 14(4), 545–554.
  • Watt, M. H., Kimani, S. M., Skinner, D., & Meade, C. S. (2016). “Nothing is free”: A qualitative study of sex trading among methamphetamine users in Cape Town, South Africa. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 923–933. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0418-8
  • Watt, M. H., Meade, C. S., Kimani, S., Macfarlane, J. C., Choi, K. W., Skinner, D., … Sikkema, K. J. (2014). The impact of methamphetamine (“tik”) on a peri-urban community in Cape Town, South Africa. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25, 219–225. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.10.007
  • Wechsberg, W. M., Jones, H. E., Zule, W. A., Myers, B. J., Browne, F. A., Kaufman, M. R., … Parry, C. D. (2010). Methamphetamine (“tik”) use and its association with condom use among out-of-school females in Cape Town, South Africa. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(4), 208–213. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.493592
  • Wechsberg, W. M., Luseno, W. K., Karg, R. S., Young, S., Rodman, N., Myers, B., & Parry, C. D. (2008). Alcohol, cannabis, and methamphetamine use and other risk behaviours among Black and Coloured South African women: A small randomized trial in the Western Cape. International Journal on Drug Policy, 19(2), 130–139. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.11.018
  • Wechsberg, W. M., Luseno, W. K., Kline, T. L., Browne, F. A., & Zule, W. A. (2010). Preliminary findings of an adapted evidence-based woman-focused HIV intervention on condom use and negotiation among at-risk women in Pretoria, South Africa. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 38(2), 132–146. doi:10.1080/10852351003640799
  • Wechsberg, W. M., Luseno, W. K., & Lam, W. K. (2005). Violence against substance-abusing South African sex workers: Intersection with culture and HIV risk. AIDS Care, 17(Suppl 1), S55–S64. doi:10.1080/09540120500120419
  • Wechsberg, W. M., Luseno, W. K., Lam, W. K., Parry, C. D., & Morojele, N. K. (2006). Substance use, sexual risk, and violence: HIV prevention intervention with sex workers in Pretoria. AIDS Behavior, 10(2), 131–137. doi:10.1007/s10461-005-9036-8
  • Weitzer, R. (2000). Sex for sale: Why we need more research on sex work. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • WHO. (1997). Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), Core Version 2.1, interviewer's manual. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
  • Zapata, L. B., Hillis, S. D., Marchbanks, P. A., Curtis, K. M., & Lowry, R. (2008). Methamphetamine use is independently associated with recent risky sexual behaviors and adolescent pregnancy. Journal of School Health, 78(12), 641–648. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00360.x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.