Traumatic Experiences, Revictimization and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in German Inpatients Treated for Alcohol Dependence

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, F., Howard, L., Dean, K., Moran, P., & Khalifeh, H. (2016). Childhood maltreatment and adulthood domestic and sexual violence victimisation among people with severe mental illness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(7), 961–970.
   Google Scholar
• Back, S. E., Foa, E. B., Killeen, T. K., Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., Cotton, B. D., et al. (2014). Concurrent treatment of PTSD and substance use disorders using prolonged exposure (COPE): Therapist guide. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brady, K. T., & Back, S. E. (2012). Childhood trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and alcohol dependence. Alcohol Research, 34(4), 408–413.
   Google Scholar
• Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Neal, D., & Freemon, M. (2004). Childhood abuse history and substance use among men and women receiving detoxification services. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 30(4), 799–821.
   Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Gotlib, I. H. (1993). Psychopathology and early experience: A reappraisal of retrospective reports. Psychological Bulletin, 113(1), 82–98.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, P., Read, J., & Kahler, C. (2003). Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders: Treatment outcomes and the role of coping. In P. Ouimette & P. Brown (Eds.), Trauma and substance abuse: Causes, consequences and treatment of comorbid disorders (pp. 171–188). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Classen, C. C., Palesh, O. G., & Aggarwal, R. (2005). Sexual revictimization: A review of the empirical literature. Trauma Violence Abuse, 6(2), 103–129.
   Google Scholar
• Darke, S., & Torok, M. (2014). The association of childhood physical abuse with the onset and extent of drug use among regular injecting drug users. Addiction, 109(4), 610–616.
   Google Scholar
• Dragan, M., & Lis-Turlejska, M. (2007). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in alcohol dependent patients in Poland. Addictive Behaviors, 32(5), 902–911.
   Google Scholar
• Draijer, N. (1989). Gestructureerd trauma interview. Amsterdam: Vakgroep Psychiatrie, Vrije Universiteit.
   Google Scholar
• Draijer, N., & Langeland, W. (1999). Childhood trauma and perceived parental dysfunction in the etiology of dissociative symptoms in psychiatric inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(3), 379–385.
   Google Scholar
• Driessen, M., Schulte, S., Luedecke, C., Schaefer, I., Sutmann, F., Ohlmeier, M., et al. (2008). Trauma and PTSD in patients with alcohol, drug, or dual dependence: A multi-center study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(3), 481–488.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein, J. N., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Resnick, H. S. (1998). PTSD as a mediator between childhood rape and alcohol use in adult women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(3), 223–234.
   Google Scholar
• Evren, C., Sar, V., Dalbudak, E., Cetin, R., Durkaya, M., Evren, B., et al. (2011). Lifetime PTSD and quality of life among alcohol-dependent men: Impact of childhood emotional abuse and dissociation. Psychiatry Research, 186(1), 85–90.
   Google Scholar
• Evren, C., Sar, V., Dalbudak, E., Durkaya, M., Cetin, R., Evren, B., et al. (2011). Childhood trauma and psychopathology among alcohol-dependent men: No interaction with temperament and character. Psychopathology, 44(1), 34–39.
   Google Scholar
• Farrugia, P. L., Mills, K. L., Barrett, E., Back, S. E., Teesson, M., Baker, A., et al. (2011). Childhood trauma among individuals with co-morbid substance use and post traumatic stress disorder. Mental Health and Substance Use, 4(4), 314–326.
   Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID I). New York, NY: Biometric Research Department.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The posttraumatic diagnostic scale. Psychological Assessment, 9(4), 445–451.
   Google Scholar
• Gavranidou, M., & Rosner, R. (2003). The weaker sex? Gender and post-traumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety, 17(3), 130–139.
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield, S. F., Kolodziej, M. E., Sugarman, D. E., Muenz, L. R., Vagge, L. M., He, D. Y., et al. (2002). History of abuse and drinking outcomes following inpatient alcohol treatment: A prospective study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 67(3), 227–234.
   Google Scholar
• Harrington, T., & Newman, E. (2007). The psychometric utility of two self-report measures of PTSD among women substance users. Addictive Behaviors, 32(12), 2788–2798.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, M. C., Schwandt, M. L., Ramchandani, V. A., George, D. T., & Heilig, M. (2012). Impact of multiple types of childhood trauma exposure on risk of psychiatric comorbidity among alcoholic inpatients. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 36(6), 1099–1107.
   Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. (2010). IBM SPSS statistics for windows (Version 19.0). Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Iffland, B., Brähler, E., Neuner, F., Hauser, W., & Glaesmer, H. (2013). Frequency of child maltreatment in a representative sample of the German population. BMC Public Health, 13, 980.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. D., Striley, C., & Cottler, L. B. (2006). The association of substance use disorders with trauma exposure and PTSD among African American drug users. Addictive Behaviors, 31(11), 2063–2073.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–1060.
   Google Scholar
• Kokkevi, A., & Hartgers, C. (1995). EuropASI: European adaptation of a multidimensional assessment instrument for drug and alcohol dependence. European Addiction Research, 1(4), 208–210.
   Google Scholar
• Langeland, W., Draijer, N., & van den Brink, W. (2004). Psychiatric comorbidity in treatment-seeking alcoholics: The role of childhood trauma and perceived parental dysfunction. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(3), 441–447.
   Google Scholar
• Lobbestael, J., Leurgans, M., & Arntz, A. (2011). Inter-rater reliability of the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I) and Axis II Disorders (SCID II). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(1), 75–79.
   Google Scholar
• Lotzin, A., Buth, S., Sehner, S., Hiller, P., Martens, M., Pawils, S., et al. (2017). ‘Learning how to ask': Effectiveness of a training for trauma inquiry and response in substance use disorder healthcare professionals. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000269.
   Google Scholar
• Maercker, A., Forstmeier, S., Wagner, B., Glaesmer, H., & Brahler, E. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder in Germany. Results of a nationwide epidemiological study. Nervenarzt, 79(5), 577–586.
   Google Scholar
• McLellan, A. T., Kushner, H., Metzger, D., Peters, R., Smith, I., Grissom, G., et al. (1992). The fifth edition of the addiction severity index. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 9(3), 199–213.
   Google Scholar
• Mirsal, H., Kalyoncu, A., Pektas, O., Tan, D. & Beyazyurek, M. (2004). Childhood trauma in alcoholics. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 39(2), 126–129.
   Google Scholar
• Najavits, L. M. (2002). Seeking safety: A treatment manual for PTSD and substance abuse. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Najavits, L. M., Harned, M. S., Gallop, R. J., Butler, S. F., Barber, J. P., Thase, M. E., et al. (2007). Six-month treatment outcomes of cocaine-dependent patients with and without PTSD in a multisite national trial. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(3), 353–361.
   Google Scholar
• Powers, M. B., Gillihan, S. J., Rosenfield, D., Jerud, A. B., & Foa, E. B. (2012). Reliability and validity of the PDS and PSS-I among participants with PTSD and alcohol dependence. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(5), 617–623.
   Google Scholar
• Rash, C. J., Coffey, S. F., Baschnagel, J. S., Drobes, D. J., & Saladin, M. E. (2008). Psychometric properties of the IES-R in traumatized substance dependent individuals with and without PTSD. Addictive Behaviors, 33(8), 1039–1047.
   Google Scholar
• Read, J. P., Brown, P. J., & Kahler, C. W. (2004). Substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders: Symptom interplay and effects on outcome. Addictive Behaviors, 29(8), 1665–1672.
   Google Scholar
• Reker, T., Richter, D., Bätz, B., Luedtke, U., Koritsch, H. D., & Reymann, G. (2004). Short-term effects of acute inpatient treatment of alcoholics. A prospective, multicentre evaluation study. Nervenarzt, 75(3), 234–241.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, C. A., & Perry, J. C. (2004). Instruments for the assessment of childhood trauma in adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(5), 343–351.
   Google Scholar
• Sachs-Ericsson, N., Kendall-Tackett, K., & Hernandez, A. (2007). Childhood abuse, chronic pain, and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(5), 531–547.
   Google Scholar
• Schäfer, I., & Najavits, L. M. (2007). Clinical challenges in the treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20(6), 614–618.
   Google Scholar
• Schäfer, I., Reininghaus, U., Langeland, W., Voss, A., Zieger, N., Haasen, C., et al. (2007). Dissociative symptoms in alcohol-dependent patients: Associations with childhood trauma and substance abuse characteristics. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(6), 539–545.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, R., Timko, C., Moos, B., & Moos, R. (2011). Violence victimization, help-seeking, and one- and eight-year outcomes of individuals with alcohol use disorders. Addiction Research & Theory, 19(1), 22–31.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, U., Altmann, A., Baumann, M., Bernzen, J., Bertz, B., Bimber, U., et al. (2001). Comorbid anxiety and affective disorder in alcohol-dependent patients seeking treatment: The first Multicentre Study in Germany. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 36(3), 219–223.
   Google Scholar
• Sells, J. R., Waters, A. J., Schwandt, M. L., Kwako, L. E., Heilig, M., George, D. T., et al. (2016). Characterization of comorbid PTSD in treatment-seeking alcohol dependent inpatients: Severity and personality trait differences. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 163, 242–246.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, T. L., & Miller, W. R. (2002). Concomitance between childhood sexual and physical abuse and substance use problems—A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(1), 27–77.
   Google Scholar
• Skre, I., Onstad, S., Torgersen, S., & Kringlen, E. (1991). High interrater reliability for the structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R Axis I (SCID-I). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 84(2), 167–173.
   Google Scholar
• Vogel, M., Dursteler-Macfarland, K. M., Walter, M., Strasser, J., Fehr, S., Prieto, L., et al. (2011). Prolonged use of benzodiazepines is associated with childhood trauma in opioid-maintained patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 119(1,2), 93–98.
   Google Scholar
• Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & Dutton, M. A. (2008). Childhood victimization and lifetime revictimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 785–796.
   Google Scholar
• Widom, C. S., & Shepard, R. L. (1996). Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization: Part 1. Childhood physical abuse. Psychological Assessment, 8(4), 412–421.
   Google Scholar
• Zlotnick, C., Johnson, D. M., Stout, R. L., Zywiak, W. H., Johnson, J. E., & Schneider, R. J. (2006). Childhood abuse and intake severity in alcohol disorder patients. [erratum appears in J Trauma Stress. 2007 Apr;20(2):217]. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(6), 949–959.
   Google Scholar