Syringe Service Program Utilization, Barriers, and Preferences for Design in Rural Appalachia: Differences between Men and Women Who Inject Drugs

References

• Appalachia Health News. (2018). Diving Deep into Harm Reduction Part 1: Why W.Va.’s Largest Needle Exchange Closed. Retrieved from https://www.wvpublic.org/post/diving-deep-harm-reduction-part-1-why-wva-s-largest-needle-exchange-closed#stream/0
   Google Scholar
• Appalachian Regional Commission. (2020). ARC-Designated Distressed Counties, Fiscal Year Retrieved from https://www.arc.gov/program_areas/ARCDesignatedDistressedCountiesFiscalYear2020.asp
   Google Scholar
• Ashford, R. D., Curtis, B., & Brown, A. M. (2018). Peer-delivered harm reduction and recovery support services: Initial evaluation from a hybrid recovery community drop-in center and syringe exchange program. Harm Reduction Journal, 15(1), 52–52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0258-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aspinall, E. J., Nambiar, D., Goldberg, D. J., Hickman, M., Weir, A., Van Velzen, E., Palmateer, N., Doyle, J. S., Hellard, M. E., & Hutchinson, S. J. (2014). Are needle and syringe programmes associated with a reduction in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(1), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery, L., Rotondi, N., McKnight, C., Firestone, M., Smylie, J., & Rotondi, M. (2019). Unweighted regression models perform better than weighted regression techniques for respondent-driven sampling data: Results from a simulation study. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1), 202. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0842-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard, A. M., Cooper, H. L., & Young, A. M. (2019). Web-based eligibility quizzes to verify opioid use and county residence among rural young adults: Eligibility screening results from a feasibility study. JMIR Research Protocols, 8(6), e12984. https://doi.org/10.2196/12984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa, C., Fraser, H., Hoerger, T. J., Leib, A., Havens, J. R., Young, A., Kral, A., Page, K., Evans, J., Zibbell, J., Hariri, S., Vellozzi, C., Nerlander, L., Ward, J. W., & Vickerman, P. (2019). Cost-effectiveness of scaling-up HCV prevention and treatment in the United States for people who inject drugs. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 114(12), 2267–2278. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros, A. J., & Hirakata, V. N. (2003). Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: An empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 3, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-3-21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beletsky, L., Heller, D., Jenness, S. M., Neaigus, A., Gelpi-Acosta, C., & Hagan, H. (2014). Syringe access, syringe sharing, and police encounters among people who inject drugs in New York City: A community-level perspective. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 25(1), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bixler, D., Corby-Lee, G., Proescholdbell, S., Ramirez, T., Kilkenny, M. E., LaRocco, M., Childs, R., Brumage, M. R., Settle, A. D., Teshale, E. H., & Asher, A. (2018). Access to syringe services programs - Kentucky, North Carolina, and West Virginia, 2013-2017. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(18), 529–532. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6718a5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluthenthal, R. N., Anderson, R., Flynn, N. M., & Kral, A. H. (2007). Higher syringe coverage is associated with lower odds of HIV risk and does not increase unsafe syringe disposal among syringe exchange program clients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 89(2–3), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges, J. F. P., Hauber, A. B., Marshall, D., Lloyd, A., Prosser, L. A., Regier, D. A., Johnson, F. R., & Mauskopf, J. (2011). Conjoint analysis applications in health-a checklist: a report of the ISPOR Good Research Practices for Conjoint Analysis Task Force. Value in Health: The Journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, 14(4), 403–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2010.11.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canary, L., Hariri, S., Campbell, C., Young, R., Whitcomb, J., Kaufman, H., & Vellozzi, C. (2017). Geographic disparities in access to syringe services programs among young persons with Hepatitis C Virus infection in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 65(3), 514–517. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). HIV and Injection Drug Use: Syringe Services Programs for HIV Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/pdf/2016-12-vitalsigns.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Vulnerable Counties and Jurisdictions Experiencing or At-Risk of Outbreaks. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/pwid/vulnerable-counties-data.html
   Google Scholar
• Cloud, D. H., Castillo, T., Brinkley-Rubinstein, L., Dubey, M., & Childs, R. (2018). Syringe decriminalization advocacy in red states: Lessons from the North Carolina harm reduction coalition. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 15(3), 276–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-018-0397-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloud, D. H., Ibragimov, U., Prood, N., Young, A. M., & Cooper, H. L. F. (2019). Rural risk environments for Hepatitis C among young adults in Appalachian Kentucky. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 72, 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad, C., Bradley, H. M., Broz, D., Buddha, S., Chapman, E. L., Galang, R. R., Hillman, D., Hon, J., Hoover, K. W., Patel, M. R., Perez, A., Peters, P. J., Pontones, P., Roseberry, J. C., Sandoval, M., Shields, J., Walthall, J., Waterhouse, D., Weidle, P. J., Wu, H., & Duwve, J. M., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2015). Community outbreak of HIV infection linked to injection drug use of oxymorphone—Indiana, 2015. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(16), 443–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, H., Des Jarlais, D., Ross, Z., Tempalski, B., Bossak, B. H., & Friedman, S. R. (2012). Spatial access to sterile syringes and the odds of injecting with an unsterile syringe among injectors: A longitudinal multilevel study. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 89(4), 678–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-012-9673-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey-Rothwell, M. A., & Latkin, C. A. (2007). Gender differences in social network influence among injection drug users: Perceived norms and needle sharing. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 84(5), 691–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-007-9215-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, S. M., Davidov, D., Kristjansson, A. L., Zullig, K., Baus, A., & Fisher, M. (2018). Qualitative case study of needle exchange programs in the Central Appalachian region of the United States. PLoS One, 13(10), e0205466. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, S. M., Kristjansson, A. L., Davidov, D., Zullig, K., Baus, A., & Fisher, M. (2019). Barriers to using new needles encountered by rural Appalachian people who inject drugs: Implications for needle exchange. Harm Reduction Journal, 16(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-019-0295-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Des Jarlais, D. C. (2017). Harm reduction in the USA: The research perspective and an archive to David Purchase. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 51–51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0178-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Des Jarlais, D. C., McKnight, C., Goldblatt, C., & Purchase, D. (2009). Doing harm reduction better: Syringe exchange in the United States. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 104(9), 1441–1446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02465.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Des Jarlais, D. C., Nugent, A., Solberg, A., Feelemyer, J., Mermin, J., & Holtzman, D. (2015). Syringe service programs for persons who inject drugs in urban, suburban, and rural areas - United States, 2013. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(48), 1337–1341. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6448a3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Bassel, N., & Strathdee, S. A. (2015). Women who use or inject drugs: An action agenda for women-specific, multilevel, and combination HIV prevention and research. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 69 Suppl 2(2), S182–S190. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000628
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fadanelli, M., Cloud, D. H., Ibragimov, U., Ballard, A. M., Prood, N., Young, A. M., & Cooper, H. L. F. (2019). People, places, and stigma: A qualitative study exploring the overdose risk environment in rural Kentucky. International Journal on Drug Policy, 102588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.001
   Google Scholar
• Grebely, J., Dore, G. J., Morin, S., Rockstroh, J. K., & Klein, M. B. (2017). Elimination of HCV as a public health concern among people who inject drugs by 2030 - What will it take to get there? Journal of the International AIDS Society, 20(1), 22146. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.20.1.22146
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenfield, S. F., Back, S. E., Lawson, K., & Brady, K. T. (2010). Substance abuse in women. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33(2), 339–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2010.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckathorn, D. D. (1997). Respondent-driven sampling: A new approach to the study of hidden populations. Social Problems, 44(2), 174–199. https://doi.org/10.2307/3096941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckathorn, D. D. (2002). Respondent-driven sampling II: Deriving valid population estimates from chain-referral samples of hidden populations. Social Problems, 49(1), 11–34. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2002.49.1.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimer, R. (1998). Can syringe exchange serve as a conduit to substance abuse treatment? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15(3), 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(97)00220-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, L. A., Vlahov, D., Celentano, D. D., & Strathdee, S. A. (2003). Readiness for cessation of drug use among recent attenders and nonattenders of a needle exchange program. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 32(2), 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1097/00126334-200302010-00017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, M., Wodak, A., & Conigrave, K. M. (2008). The effectiveness and safety of syringe vending machines as a component of needle syringe programmes in community settings. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 19(6), 436–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen, J., Page, K., Madden, A., & Maher, L. (2015). HIV, HCV and health-related harms among women who inject drugs: Implications for prevention and treatment. JAIDS: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 69(0 1), S176–S181. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000659
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services. (2019). Syringe Exchange Programs. Retrieved from https://chfs.ky.gov/agencies/dph/dehp/hab/Pages/kyseps.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Kidorf, M., Disney, E., King, V., Kolodner, K., Beilenson, P., & Brooner, R. K. (2005). Challenges in motivating treatment enrollment in community syringe exchange participants. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 82(3), 456–467. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jti091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klevens, R. M., Hu, D. J., Jiles, R., & Holmberg, S. D. (2012). Evolving epidemiology of Hepatitis C virus in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 55(Suppl 1), S3–S9. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancaster, K. E., Malvestutto, C. D., Miller, W. C., & Go, V. F. (2018). Commentary on Fraser et al. (2018): Evidence base for harm reduction services-the urban-rural divide. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 113(1), 183–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer, L. A., Bass, S. B., Ye, D., Benitez, J., Mazzella, S., & Krafty, R. (2016). Trend analyses of users of a syringe exchange program in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 1999-2014. AIDS and Behavior, 20(12), 2922–2932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1393-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. P., Isaacs, K., El-Shahawy, O., Burlew, A. K., & Wechsberg, W. (2019). Research on women with substance use disorders: Reviewing progress and developing a research and implementation roadmap. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 197, 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittman, B. S. (2012). 19 Implementation Science in Health Care. Dissemination and implementation research in health: translating science to practice, 1400.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for HIV/AIDS Viral Hepatitis STD and TB Prevention. (2015). Ohio-2015 State Health Profile. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/stateprofiles/pdf/ohio_profile.pdf
   Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, D., Aitken, C., Scott, N., & Dietze, P. (2018). Analysis of time of drug use according to needle and syringe program operating hours in Melbourne, Australia: Effects on individual-level needle and syringe coverage. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 191, 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquette, C. E., & Pollini, R. A. (2018). Injection drug use, HIV/HCV, and related services in nonurban areas of the United States: A systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 188, 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkham, S., & Malinowska-Sempruch, K. (2008). Women, harm reduction and HIV. Reproductive Health Matters, 16(31), 168–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(08)31345-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt, L., Minozzi, S., Reed, J., Vickerman, P., Hagan, H., French, C., Jordan, A., Degenhardt, L., Hope, V., Hutchinson, S., Maher, L., Palmateer, N., Taylor, A., Bruneau, J., & Hickman, M. (2017). Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing Hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, CD012021. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012021.pub2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, B. J., Beidas, R. S., Lewis, C. C., Aarons, G. A., McMillen, J. C., Proctor, E. K., & Mandell, D. S. (2017). Methods to improve the selection and tailoring of implementation strategies. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 44(2), 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-015-9475-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springer, S. A., Larney, S., Alam-Mehrjerdi, Z., Altice, F. L., Metzger, D., & Shoptaw, S. (2015). Drug treatment as HIV prevention among women and girls who inject drugs from a global perspective: Progress, gaps, and future directions. JAIDS: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 69(0 1), S155–S161. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000637
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Street, D. J., & Burgess, L. (2007). The construction of optimal stated choice experiments: Theory and methods (Vol. 647). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Strike, C., & Miskovic, M. (2018). Scoping out the literature on mobile needle and syringe programs-review of service delivery and client characteristics, operation, utilization, referrals, and impact. Harm Reduction Journal, 15(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0212-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suryaprasad, A. G., White, J. Z., Xu, F., Eichler, B.-A., Hamilton, J., Patel, A., Hamdounia, S. B., Church, D. R., Barton, K., Fisher, C., Macomber, K., Stanley, M., Guilfoyle, S. M., Sweet, K., Liu, S., Iqbal, K., Tohme, R., Sharapov, U., Kupronis, B. A., Ward, J. W., & Holmberg, S. D. (2014). Emerging epidemic of hepatitis C virus infections among young nonurban persons who inject drugs in the United States, 2006-2012. Clinical infectious Diseases: An official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 59(10), 1411–1419. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Department of Agriculture. (2013). Rural-Urban Continuum Codes. Retrieved from https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-continuum-codes.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. (2010). 2010 Census. US Census Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Van Handel, M. M., Rose, C. E., Hallisey, E. J., Kolling, J. L., Zibbell, J. E., Lewis, B., Bohm, M. K., Jones, C. M., Flanagan, B. E., Siddiqi, A-E-A., Iqbal, K., Dent, A. L., Mermin, J. H., McCray, E., Ward, J. W., & Brooks, J. T. (2016). County-level vulnerability assessment for rapid dissemination of HIV or HCV infections among persons who inject drugs, United States. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 73(3), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickerman, P., Hickman, M., May, M., Kretzschmar, M., & Wiessing, L. (2010). Can Hepatitis C virus prevalence be used as a measure of injection-related human immunodeficiency virus risk in populations of injecting drug users? An ecological analysis. Addiction, 105(2), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02759.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, K. D., Lankenau, S. E., Palinkas, L. A., Richardson, J. L., Chou, C. P., & Unger, J. B. (2010). The perceived consequences of safer injection: An exploration of qualitative findings and gender differences. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 15(5), 560–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2010.498890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wodak, A., & Cooney, A. (2005). Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programmes. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16, 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2003). Integrating gender into HIV/AIDS programmes. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prev_care/en/IntegratingGender.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Zibbell, J. E., Iqbal, K., Patel, R. C., Suryaprasad, A., Sanders, K. J., Moore-Moravian, L., … Holtzman, D. (2015). Increases in hepatitis C virus infection related to injection drug use among persons aged </=30 years - Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, 2006-2012. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(17), 453–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, G. (2004). A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159(7), 702–706. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar