References
- Allen, M. L., Garcia-Huidobro, D., Porta, C., Curran, D., Patel, R., Miller, J., & Borowsky, I. (2016). Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. Biochemical Pharmacology, 24(17), 1639. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-4425
- Andrabi, N., Khoddam, R., & Leventhal, A. M. (2017). Socioeconomic disparities in adolescent substance use: Role of enjoyable alternative substance-free activities. Social Science & Medicine, 176, 175–182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.12.032
- Arıcak, O. T., Dinç, M., Yay, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). İnternet Oyun Oynama Bozukluğu Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun (İOOBÖ9-KF) Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6(1),1–22 5(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2018.5.4.0027
- Bányai, F., Zsila, Á., Király, O., Maraz, A., Elekes, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Andreassen, C. S., & Demetrovics, Z. (2017). Problematic social media use: Results from a large-scale nationally representative adolescent sample. PLoS One, 12(1), e0169839. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169839
- Berman, A. H., Palmstierna, T., Källmén, H., & Bergman, H. (2007). The self-report drug use disorders identification Test: Extended (DUDIT-E): Reliability, validity, and motivational index. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 32(4), 357–369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2006.10.001
- Bonetti, L., Campbell, M. A., & Gilmore, L. (2010). The relationship of loneliness and social anxiety with children’s and adolescents’ online communication. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(3), 279–285. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0215
- Bouna-Pyrrou, P., Aufleger, B., Braun, S., Gattnar, M., Kallmayer, S., Wagner, H., Kornhuber, J., Mühle, C., & Lenz, B. (2018). Cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluation of the social network use disorder and internet gaming disorder criteria. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 692. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00692
- Buja, A., Gallimberti, L., Chindamo, S., Lion, C., Terraneo, A., Rivera, M., Marini, E., Gomez-Perez, L. J., Scafato, E., & Baldo, V. (2018). Problematic social networking site usage and substance use by young adolescents. BMC Pediatrics, 18(1), 367. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1316-3
- Chassin, L., Hussong, A., & Beltran, I. (2009). Adolescent substance use. Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, Chapter 21, (723–762)
- Clayton, R. B., Osborne, R. E., Miller, B. K., & Oberle, C. D. (2013). Loneliness, anxiousness, and substance use as predictors of Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 687–693. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.002
- Demir, A. (1989). UCLA yalnızlık ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği [Validity and Reliability of the UCLA Loneliness Scale]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi 7(23), 14–18.
- Evren, C., Umut, G., Bozkurt, M., Evren, B., & Yilmaz, H. (2017). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of Drug Use Disorders Identification Test–Extended (Turkish DUDIT-E) in substance-dependent adults under probation. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(1), 70–75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2017.1293240
- Gentile, D. A., Bailey, K., Bavelier, D., Brockmyer, J. F., Cash, H., Coyne, S. M., Doan, A., Grant, D. S., Green, C. S., Griffiths, M., Markle, T., Petry, N. M., Prot, S., Rae, C. D., Rehbein, F., Rich, M., Sullivan, D., Woolley, E., & Young, K. (2017). Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(Suppl 2), S81–S85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1758H
- Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., & Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Introduction to behavioral addictions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 233–241. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491884
- Gray, K. M., & Squeglia, L. M. (2018). Research review: What have we learned about adolescent substance use?Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 59(6), 618–627. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12783
- Griffiths, M., & Kuss, D. (2017). Adolescent social media addiction (revisited). Education and Health, 35(3), 49–52.
- He, Q., Turel, O., Brevers, D., & Bechara, A. (2017). Excess social media use in normal populations is associated with amygdala-striatal but not with prefrontal morphology. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 269, 31–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.09.003
- Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(6), 695–718. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002
- Hormes, J. M., Kearns, B., & Timko, C. A. (2014). Craving Facebook? Behavioral addiction to online social networking and its association with emotion regulation deficits. Addiction, 109(12), 2079–2088. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12713
- Ingram, I., Kelly, P. J., Deane, F. P., Baker, A. L., Goh, M. C., Raftery, D. K., & Dingle, G. A. (2020). Loneliness among people with substance use problems: A narrative systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Review, 39(5), 447–483. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13064
- Jafarkarimi, H., Sim, A. T. H., Saadatdoost, R., & Hee, J. M. (2016). Facebook addiction among Malaysian students. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 6(6), 465–469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7763/IJIET.2016.V6.733
- Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2007). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2006. Volume I:Secondary school students. National Institute on Drug Abuse.
- Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2017). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2016: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
- Kandel, D. B., Johnson, J. G., Bird, H. R., Weissman, M. M., Goodman, S. H., Lahey, B. B., Regier, D. A., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (1999). Psychiatric comorbidity among adolescents with substance use disorders: Findings from the MECA study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(6), 693–699. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199906000-00016
- Kittinger, R., Correia, C. J., & Irons, J. G. (2012). Relationship between Facebook use and problematic Internet use among college students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(6), 324–327. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0410
- Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet and gaming addiction: A systematic literature review of neuroimaging studies. Brain Sciences, 2(3), 347–374. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci2030347
- Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 311. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030311
- Laudet, A. B., Magura, S., Vogel, H. S., & Knight, E. L. (2004). Perceived reasons for substance misuse among persons with a psychiatric disorder. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(3), 365–375. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.74.3.365
- McHugh, R. K., Votaw, V. R., Sugarman, D. E., & Greenfield, S. F. (2018). Sex and gender differences in substance use disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 66, 12–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.012
- Meshi, D., Elizarova, A., Bender, A., & Verdejo-Garcia, A. (2019). Excessive social media users demonstrate impaired decision making in the Iowa Gambling Task. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(1), 169–173. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.138
- Moreno, M. A., & Whitehill, J. M. (2016). # Wasted: The intersection of substance use behaviors and social media in adolescents and young adults. Current Opinion in Psychology, 9, 72–76.
- Olumide, A. O., Robinson, A. C., Levy, P. A., Mashimbye, L., Brahmbhatt, H., Lian, Q., Ojengbede, O., Sonenstein, F. L., & Blum, R. W. (2014). Predictors of substance use among vulnerable adolescents in five cities: Findings from the well-being of adolescents in vulnerable environments study. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 55(6 Suppl), S39–S47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.024
- Page, R. M. (1990). Loneliness and adolescent health behavior. Health Education, 21(5), 14–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00970050.1990.10614567
- Page, R. M., Dennis, M., Lindsay, G. B., & Merrill, R. M. (2011). Psychosocial distress and substance use among adolescents in four countries: Philippines, China, Chile, and Namibia. Youth & Society, 43(3), 900–930. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X10368932
- Pass, A., Kardefelt-Winther, D., & Franck, J. (2017). Internet addiction in patients with substance use disorder. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 14(1) 29–33.
- Polenick, C. A., Cotton, B. P., Bryson, W. C., & Birditt, K. S. (2019). Loneliness and illicit opioid use among methadone maintenance treatment patients. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(13), 2089–2098. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1628276
- Pontes, H. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Measuring DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 137–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.006
- Porter, G., Starcevic, V., Berle, D., & Fenech, P. (2010). Recognizing problem video game use. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44(2), 120–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/00048670903279812
- Richter, S. S., Brown, S. A., & Mott, M. A. (1991). The impact of social support and self-esteem on adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome. Journal of Substance Abuse, 3(4), 371–385. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-3289(10)80019-7
- Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290–294. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
- Ryan, T., Chester, A., Reece, J., & Xenos, S. (2014). The uses and abuses of Facebook: A review of Facebook addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(3), 133–148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.3.2014.016
- Saunders, J. B. (2017). Substance use and addictive disorders in DSM-5 and ICD 10 and the draft ICD 11. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30(4), 227–237. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000332
- Starcevic, V., & Aboujaoude, E. (2017). Internet gaming disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and addiction. Current Addiction Reports, 4(3), 317–322. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-017-0158-7
- Steers, M.-L N., Moreno, M. A., & Neighbors, C. (2016). The influence of social media on addictive behaviors in college students. Current Addiction Reports, 3(4), 343–348. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-016-0123-x
- Stickley, A., Koyanagi, A., Koposov, R., Schwab-Stone, M., & Ruchkin, V. (2014). Loneliness and health risk behaviors among Russian and US adolescents: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 366. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-366
- Su, W., Han, X., Yu, H., Wu, Y., & Potenza, M. N. (2020). Do men become addicted to internet gaming and women to social media? A meta-analysis examining gender-related differences in specific internet addiction. Computers in Human Behavior, 113, 106480. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106480
- Suckling, J., & Nestor, L. J. (2017). The neurobiology of addiction: The perspective from magnetic resonance imaging present and future. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 112(2), 360–369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13474
- Taş, İ. (2017). The Social Media Addiction Scale (SF) for adolescents: A study of validity and reliability. Online Journal of Technology Addiction and Cyberbullying, 4(1), 27–40.
- Toumbourou, J. W., Hemphill, S. A., Tresidder, J., Humphreys, C., Edwards, J., & Murray, D. (2007). Mental health promotion and socio-economic disadvantage: Lessons from substance abuse, violence and crime prevention and child health. Health Promotion Journal of Australia: Official Journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals, 18(3), 184–190. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1071/he07184
- Turel, O., & Bechara, A. (2019). Little video-gaming in adolescents can be protective, but too much is associated with increased substance use. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(3), 384–395. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1496455
- Van Den Eijnden, R. J., Lemmens, J. S., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2016). The social media disorder scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 478–487. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.038
- Van Rooij, A. J., Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D., Shorter, G. W., Schoenmakers, T. M., & Van De Mheen, D. (2014). The (co-)occurrence of problematic video gaming, substance use, and psychosocial problems in adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(3), 157–165. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.3.2014.013
- Von Der Heiden, J. M., Braun, B., Müller, K. W., & Egloff, B. (2019). The association between video gaming and psychological functioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1731. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01731
- Walther, B., Morgenstern, M., & Hanewinkel, R. (2012). Co-occurrence of addictive behaviours: Personality factors related to substance use, gambling and computer gaming. European Addiction Research, 18(4), 167–174. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000335662