References
- Allen, B., & Harocopos, A. (2016). Non-Prescribed Buprenorphine in New York City: Motivations for Use, Practices of Diversion, and Experiences of Stigma. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 70, 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2016.08.002
- Bazazi, A. R., Yokell, M., Fu, J. J., Rich, J. D., & Zaller, N. D. (2011). Illicit use of buprenorphine/naloxone among injecting and noninjecting opioid users. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 5(3), 175–180. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0b013e3182034e31
- Carroll, J. J., Rich, J. D., & Green, T. C. (2018). The more things change: Buprenorphine/naloxone diversion continues while treatment remains inaccessible. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 12(6), 459–465. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000436
- Coombs, R. H. (1981). Drug abuse as career. Journal of Drug Issues, 11(4), 369–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204268101100401
- Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. (2016, July 15). DHS awarded grant to fund addiction treatment in Rural PA. Governor Tom Wolf. https://www.governor.pa.gov/department-of-human-services-receives-3-million-federal-grant-to-fund-opioid-addiction-treatment-in-rural-pennsylvania/
- Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. (2017a, September 29). Governor wolf announces $5.7M federal grant to fight opioid epidemic. Governor Tom Wolf. https://www.governor.pa.gov/governor-wolf-announces-receipt-5-7-million-federal-grant-fight-opioid-epidemic/
- Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. (2017b, October 17). Wolf Admin. Awards grants for medication-assisted treatment programs. Governor Tom Wolf. https://www.governor.pa.gov/wolf-administration-awards-4-million-grants-medication-assisted-treatment-programs-battle-addiction-epidemic/
- Daniulaityte, R., Falck, R., & Carlson, R. G. (2012). Illicit use of buprenorphine in a community sample of young adult non-medical users of pharmaceutical opioids. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 122(3), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.029
- DEA Philadelphia Division & Pitt Pharmacy. (2018). The opioid threat in Pennsylvania: Joint intelligence report (DEA-PHL-DIR-036-1). Drug Enforcement Agency.
- Doernberg, M., Krawczyk, N., Agus, D., & Fingerhood, M. (2019). Demystifying buprenorphine misuse: Has fear of diversion gotten in the way of addressing the opioid crisis? Substance Abuse, 40(2), 148–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2019.1572052
- Drug Enforcement Administration. (2019). Drug-related overdose deaths in Pennsylvania, 2018 (DEA-PHL-BUL-132-19). https://admin.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2019-10/PRB%20FINAL%20–%20BUL-132-19%20Drug-Related%20Overdose%20Deaths%20in%20Pennsylvania%2C%202018.pdf
- Fox, A. D., Chamberlain, A., Sohler, N. L., Frost, T., & Cunningham, C. O. (2015). Illicit buprenorphine use, interest in and access to buprenorphine treatment among syringe exchange participants. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 48(1), 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.015
- Fudala, P. J., Bridge, T. P., Herbert, S., Williford, W. O., Chiang, C. N., Jones, K., Collins, J., Raisch, D., Casadonte, P., Goldsmith, R. J., Ling, W., Malkerneker, U., McNicholas, L., Renner, J., Stine, S., & Tusel, D. (2003). Office-based treatment of opiate addiction with a sublingual-tablet formulation of buprenorphine and naloxone. New England Journal of Medicine, 349(10), 949–958. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022164
- Furst, R. T. (2014). Diffusion and diversion of suboxone: An exploration of illicit street opioid selling. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 33(3), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2014.950030
- Genberg, B. L., Gillespie, M., Schuster, C. R., Johanson, C.-E., Astemborski, J., Kirk, G. D., Vlahov, D., & Mehta, S. H. (2013). Prevalence and correlates of street-obtained buprenorphine use among current and former injectors in Baltimore, Maryland. Addictive Behaviors, 38(12), 2868–2873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.008
- Gutman, A. (n.d). Legislators are pushing Pennsylvania backward on opioids | Opinion. Philly.Com. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from https://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/commentary/pennsylvania-senate-opioids-prescription-limits-buprenorphine-mat-20180622.html
- Gutman, A. (n.d). Legislators are pushing Pennsylvania backward on opioids | Opinion. https://www.philly.com. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from https://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/commentary/pennsylvania-senate-opioids-prescription-limits-buprenorphine-mat-20180622.html
- Gwin Mitchell, S., Kelly, S. M., Brown, B. S., Schacht Reisinger, H., Peterson, J. A., Ruhf, A., Agar, M. H., O’Grady, K. E., & Schwartz, R. P. (2009). Uses of diverted methadone and buprenorphine by opioid-addicted individuals in Baltimore, Maryland. American Journal on Addictions, 18(5), 346–355. https://doi.org/10.3109/10550490903077820
- Hayes, B. T., Jakubowski, A., Fitzsimmons, C., Garcia, B., Ramirez, F., & Fox, A. D. (2021). "The Doctor Says You Cannot Have [Buprenorphine]" Autonomy and Use of Prescribed or Non-Prescribed Buprenorphine]. Substance Use & Misuse, 56(8), 1137–1143. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1908360
- Hedegaard, H., Minino, A. M., & Warner, M. (2018). Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999–2017. NCHS Data Brief No. 329. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- Holt, H. D., Katirai, M., & Katirai, W. (2019). The availability of medication-assisted treatment for opioid addiction in Pennsylvania. The Center for Rual Pennsylvania.
- Kavanaugh, P.R., & McLean, K. (2020). Motivations for diverted buprenorphine use in a multisite qualitative study. Journal of Drug Issues, 50(4), 550–565.
- Kenney, S. R., Anderson, B. J., Bailey, G. L., & Stein, M. D. (2017). The relationship between diversion-related attitudes and sharing and selling buprenorphine. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 78, 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2017.04.017
- Leslie, D. L., Ba, D. M., Agbese, E., Xing, X., & Liu, G. (2019). The economic burden of the opioid epidemic on states: The case of medicaid. American Journal of Managed Care, 25(13), S243.
- Lofwall, M. R., & Havens, J. R. (2012). Inability to access buprenorphine treatment as a risk factor for using diverted buprenorphine. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 126(3), 379–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.025
- Lofwall, M. R., & Walsh, S. L. (2014). A review of buprenorphine diversion and misuse: The current evidence base and experiences from Around the World. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 8(5), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000045
- McLean, K., & Kavanaugh, P. R. (2019). “They’re making it so hard for people to get help:” Motivations for non-prescribed buprenorphine use in a time of treatment expansion. International Journal of Drug Policy, 71, 118-124.
- Mattick, R. P., Breen, C., Kimber, J., & Davoli, M. (2014). Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD002207. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002207.pub4
- May, T., Holloway, K., Buhociu, M., & Hills, R. (2020). Not what the doctor ordered: Motivations for nonmedical prescription drug use among people who use illegal drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 82, 102823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102823
- Mills, C. W. (2000). The sociological imagination (40th anniversary edition). Oxford University Press.
- Pennsylvania Department of Health. (2020). Estimated number of individuals with drug use disorder year 2016 – Current quarterly county & statewide health. https://data.pa.gov/Opioid-Related/Estimated-Number-of-Individuals-with-Drug-Use-Diso/krjw-t48p
- Pennsylvania Department of Human Services. (2020). Individuals with medical assistance (MA) receiving medication-assisted treatment (MAT) CY 2015-current annual county human services. https://data.pa.gov/Opioid-Related/Individuals-with-Medical-Assistance-MA-receiving-M/unzz-dvz6
- Pennsylvania Open Data Portal. (2019). Individuals with medical assistance (MA) receiving medication-assisted treatment (MAT) CY 2015–2016. https://data.pa.gov/Opioid-Related/Individuals-with-Medical-Assistance-MA-receiving-M/unzz-dvz6
- Pennsylvania State Epidemiological Outcomes Workgroup. (2016). Confronting an epidemic: Opioid overdose prevention in Pennsylvania. http://file:///Users/katherine/Downloads/SEOW%20Report%20Final%202016%20(1).pdf
- Schuman-Olivier, Z., Albanese, M., Nelson, S. E., Roland, L., Puopolo, F., Klinker, L., & Shaffer, H. J. (2010). Self-treatment: Illicit buprenorphine use by opioid-dependent treatment seekers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 39(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2010.03.014
- Schwartz, R. P., Gryczynski, J., O’Grady, K. E., Sharfstein, J. M., Warren, G., Olsen, Y., Mitchell, S. G., & Jaffe, J. H. (2013). Opioid agonist treatments and heroin overdose deaths in Baltimore, Maryland, 1995–2009. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 917–922. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301049
- Silverstein, S. M., Daniulaityte, R., Miller, S. C., Martins, S. S., & Carlson, R. G. (2020). On my own terms: Motivations for self-treating opioid-use disorder with non-prescribed buprenorphine. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 210, 107958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107958
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (n.d). Buprenorphine treatment practitioner locator. https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/practitioner-program-data/treatment-practitioner-locator
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Surgeon General. (2018). Facing addiction in America: The surgeon general’s spotlight on opioids. HHS. https://addiction.surgeongeneral.gov/sites/default/files/Spotlight-on-Opioids_09192018.pdf
- United States Census Bureau. (n.d). QuickFacts. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts