References
- Agaku, I. T., Perks, S. N., Odani, S., & Glover-Kudon, R. (2020). Associations between public e-cigarette use and tobacco-related social norms among youth. Tobacco Control, 29(3), 332–340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054728
- American Nonsmokers’ Rights Foundation (2020, August). Municipalities with Local 100% Smokefree Laws. https://no-smoke.org/materials-services/lists-maps/#1518200878061-ebc83fdc-2d6c
- Assari, S., Mistry, R., & Bazargan, M. (2020). Race, educational attainment, and e-cigarette use. Journal of Medical Research and Innovation, 4(1), e000185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32892/jmri.185
- Azagba, S., Shan, L., & Latham, K. (2020). County smoke-free laws and cigarette smoking among US adults, 1995–2015. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 58(1), 97–106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.08.025
- Ballbè, M., Martínez-Sánchez, J. M., Sureda, X., Fu, M., Pérez-Ortuño, R., Pascual, J. A., Saltó, E., & Fernández, E. (2014). Cigarettes vs. e-cigarettes: passive exposure at home measured by means of airborne marker and biomarkers. Environmental Research, 135, 76–80. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.005
- Berry, K. M., Reynolds, L. M., Collins, J. M., Siegel, M. B., Fetterman, J. L., Hamburg, N. M., Bhatnagar, A., Benjamin, E. J., & Stokes, A. (2019). E-cigarette initiation and associated changes in smoking cessation and reduction: The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, 2013–2015. Tobacco Control, 28(1), 42–49.
- Centers for Disease Control Prevention. (2019). STATE System E-Cigarette Fact Sheet. https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/Legislation/STATE-System-E-Cigarette-Fact-Sheet/qte6-7jwd
- Cho, B.-Y., Lin, H.-C., & Seo, D.-C. (2020). Effectiveness of indiana’s statewide smoke-free indoor air law in reducing prevalence of adult cigarette smoking. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 41(2), 87–103. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-020-00579-z
- Choi, K., Omole, T., Wills, T., & Merianos, A. L. (2021). E-cigarette-inclusive smoke-free policies, excise taxes, tobacco 21 and changes in youth e-cigarette use: 2017–2019. Tobacco Control, Published Online First: 25 February 2021. tobaccocontrol-2020-056260. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056260
- Czogala, J., Goniewicz, M. L., Fidelus, B., Zielinska-Danch, W., Travers, M. J., & Sobczak, A. (2014). Secondhand exposure to vapors from electronic cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 16(6), 655–662. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt203
- Dai, H. (2020). Exposure to secondhand aerosol from electronic cigarettes among US youth from 2015 to 2018. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(3), 298–300. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.5665
- Fichtenberg, C. M., & Glantz, S. A. (2002). Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 325(7357), 188.
- Friedman, A. S., Oliver, J. F., & Busch, S. H. (2021). Adding vaping restrictions to smoke‐free air laws: associations with conventional and electronic cigarette use. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 116(8), 2198–2206.
- Giovenco, D. P., Lewis, M. J., & Delnevo, C. D. (2014). Factors associated with e-cigarette use: a national population survey of current and former smokers. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(4), 476–480. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.04.009
- Glasser, A. M., Vojjala, M., Cantrell, J., Levy, D. T., Giovenco, D. P., Abrams, D., & Niaura, R. (2021). Patterns of e-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette smoking cessation over 2 years (2013/2014–2015/2016) in the population assessment of tobacco and health study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 23(4), 669–677. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa182
- Goniewicz, M. L., & Lee, L. (2015). Electronic cigarettes are a source of thirdhand exposure to nicotine. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 17(2), 256–258. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu152
- Hawaii State Department of Health. (2020). Tobacco Prevention and Education Program: Laws and Policies. https://health.hawaii.gov/tobacco/home/laws/
- Hess, I., Lachireddy, K., & Capon, A. (2016). A systematic review of the health risks from passive exposure to electronic cigarette vapour. Public Health Research & Practice, 26(2), e2621617. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp2621617
- Hyland, A., Ambrose, B. K., Conway, K. P., Borek, N., Lambert, E., Carusi, C., Taylor, K., Crosse, S., Fong, G. T., Cummings, K. M., Abrams, D., Pierce, J. P., Sargent, J., Messer, K., Bansal-Travers, M., Niaura, R., Vallone, D., Hammond, D., Hilmi, N., … Compton, W. M. (2017). Design and methods of the population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study. Tobacco Control, 26(4), 371–378. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-052934
- Judkins, D. R. (1990). Fay’s method for variance estimation. Journal of Official Statistics, 6(3), 223–239.
- King, A. C., Smith, L. J., Fridberg, D. J., Matthews, A. K., McNamara, P. J., & Cao, D. (2016). Exposure to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) visual imagery increases smoking urge and desire. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(1), 106–112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000123
- King, A. C., Smith, L. J., McNamara, P. J., Matthews, A. K., & Fridberg, D. J. (2015). Passive exposure to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use increases desire for combustible and e-cigarettes in young adult smokers. Tobacco Control, 24(5), 501–504. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051563
- Landers, G. (2014). The impact of smoke-free laws on asthma discharges: a multistate analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), e74–e79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301697
- Layden, J. E., Ghinai, I., Pray, I., Kimball, A., Layer, M., Tenforde, M. W., Navon, L., Hoots, B., Salvatore, P. P., Elderbrook, M., Haupt, T., Kanne, J., Patel, M. T., Saathoff-Huber, L., King, B. A., Schier, J. G., Mikosz, C. A., & Meiman, J. (2020). Pulmonary illness related to e-cigarette use in Illinois and Wisconsin—Preliminary report. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(10), 903–916. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911614
- Lee, B., Lin, H.-C., & Seo, D.-C. (2019). Inclusion of electronic nicotine delivery systems in indoor smoke-free air policies and associated vaping behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 98, 106061. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106061
- Lerner, C. A., Sundar, I. K., Yao, H., Gerloff, J., Ossip, D. J., McIntosh, S., Robinson, R., & Rahman, I. (2015). Vapors produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavorings induce toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung. PloS One, 10(2), e0116732. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116732
- Lin, H.-C., Park, J.-Y., & Seo, D.-C. (2015). Comprehensive US statewide smoke-free indoor air legislation and secondhand smoke exposure, asthma prevalence, and related doctor visits: 2007-2011. American Journal of Public Health, 105(8), 1617–1622. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302596
- Mayne, S. L., Widome, R., Carroll, A. J., Schreiner, P. J., Gordon-Larsen, P., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., & Kershaw, K. N. (2018). Longitudinal associations of smoke-free policies and incident cardiovascular disease: CARDIA study. Circulation, 138(6), 557–566. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032302
- McCarthy, P. J. (1969). Pseudoreplication: Furthur evaluation and application of the balanced half-sample technique. US Health Services and Mental Health Administration.
- McGrath-Morrow, S. A., Hayashi, M., Aherrera, A., Lopez, A., Malinina, A., Collaco, J. M., Neptune, E., Klein, J. D., Winickoff, J. P., Breysse, P., Lazarus, P., & Chen, G. (2015). The effects of electronic cigarette emissions on systemic cotinine levels, weight and postnatal lung growth in neonatal mice. PloS One, 10(2), e0118344. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118344
- McMillen, R. C., Gottlieb, M. A., Shaefer, R. M., Winickoff, J. P., & Klein, J. D. (2015). Trends in electronic cigarette use among U.S. adults: Use is increasing in both smokers and nonsmokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 17(10), 1195–1202. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu213
- Mirbolouk, M., Charkhchi, P., Kianoush, S., Uddin, S. M. I., Orimoloye, O. A., Jaber, R., Bhatnagar, A., Benjamin, E. J., Hall, M. E., DeFilippis, A. P., Maziak, W., Nasir, K., & Blaha, M. J. (2018). Prevalence and distribution of e-cigarette use among U.S. adults: Behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2016. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 429–438. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7326/m17-3440
- National Addiction & HIV Data Archive Program. (Nov 1, 2021). Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PAT H) Study. [United States] restricted-use files. https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/NAHDAP/studies/36231
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018, June). Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/electronic-cigarettes-e-cigarettes
- Offermann, F. J. (2015). Chemical emissions from e-cigarettes: direct and indirect (passive) exposures. Building and Environment, 93, 101–105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.03.012
- Oregon Health Authority. (Aug 1, 2020). Oregon’s Indoor Clean Air Act (ICAA). https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/PREVENTIONWELLNESS/TOBACCOPREVENTION/SMOKEFREEWORKPLACELAW/Pages/thelaw.aspx#materials
- Ramamurthi, D., Chau, C., & Jackler, R. K. (2019). JUUL and other stealth vaporisers: hiding the habit from parents and teachers. Tobacco Control, 28(6), 610–616. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054455
- Reinikovaite, V., Rodriguez, I. E., Karoor, V., Rau, A., Trinh, B. B., Deleyiannis, F. W., & Taraseviciene-Stewart, L. (2018). The effects of electronic cigarette vapour on the lung: direct comparison to tobacco smoke. European Respiratory Journal, 51(4), 1701661. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01661-2017
- Russell, A. M., Yang, M., Barry, A. E., Merianos, A. L., & Lin, H.-C. (2022). Stealth Vaping Among College Students on Four Geographically Distinct Tobacco-Free College Campuses: Prevalence and Practices. Nicotine & Tobacco Research : official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 24(3), 342–348. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab153 34297130
- Schoenborn, C. A., & Gindi, R. M. (2015). Electronic cigarette use among adults: United States, 2014. NCHS Data Brief, 358, 1–8.
- Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., Barrett, E. L., Chu, K. H., James, A. E., & Primack, B. A. (2020). JUUL on Twitter: analyzing tweets about use of a new nicotine delivery system. The Journal of School Health, 90(2), 135–142.
- StataCorp, L. (2017). Stata statistical software: Release 15.
- Sutfin, E. L., Reboussin, B. A., Debinski, B., Wagoner, K. G., Spangler, J., & Wolfson, M. (2015). The impact of trying electronic cigarettes on cigarette smoking by college students: a prospective analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 105(8), e83–e89.
- United States Department of Health Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Food Drug Administration, & Center for Tobacco Products. (2020). Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study [United States] Restricted-Use Files.
- US Department of Health Human Services. (2016). E-cigarette use among youth and young adults. A report of the Surgeon General. GA.
- Westat. (2018). Path study state identifier restricted use files user guide.
- Yingst, J. M., Lester, C., Veldheer, S., Allen, S. I., Du, P., & Foulds, J. (2019). E-cigarette users commonly stealth vape in places where e-cigarette use is prohibited. Tobacco Control, 28(5), 493–497.