References
- Albert, S., & Agan, A. (2017). Massachusetts surveillance of opioid-involved morbidity and mortality. http://www.northeastbranchasm.org/neb/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Agan_MA-Opioid-Surveillance_NE-Epi-slides.pdf
- Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M. (2018). Trends in black and white opioid mortality in the United States, 1979–2015. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 29(5), 707–715. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858
- Allen, B., Nolan, M. L., Kunins, H. V., & Paone, D. (2019). Racial differences in opioid overdose deaths in New York City, 2017. JAMA Internal Medicine, 179(4), 576–578. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.7700
- Altekruse, S. F., Cosgrove, C. M., Altekruse, W. C., Jenkins, R. A., & Blanco, C. (2020). Socioeconomic risk factors for fatal opioid overdoses in the United States: Findings from the Mortality Disparities in American Communities Study (MDAC). PloS One, 15(1), e0227966. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227966
- Arias, E., Heron, M. P., & Hakes, J. K. (2016). The validity of race and Hispanic-origin reporting on death certificates in the United States: An update. Vital and Health Statistics Series, 2(172), 1–21.
- Baggett, T. P., Hwang, S. W., O’Connell, J. J., Porneala, B. C., Stringfellow, E. J., Orav, E. J., Singer, D. E., & Rigotti, N. A. (2013). Mortality among homeless adults in Boston: Shifts in causes of death over a 15-year period. JAMA Internal Medicine, 173(3), 189–195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1604
- Bagley, S. M., Forman, L. S., Ruiz, S., Cranston, K., & Walley, A. Y. (2018). Expanding access to naloxone for family members: The Massachusetts experience. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(4), 480–486. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12551
- Betz, M. R., & Jones, L. E. (2018). Wage and employment growth in America’s Drug Epidemic: Is All Growth Created Equal? American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 100(5), 1357–1374. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aay069
- Boslett, A. J., Denham, A., Hill, E. L., & Adams, M. C. B. (2019). Unclassified drug overdose deaths in the opioid crisis: Emerging patterns of inequity. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association: JAMIA, 26(8–9), 767–777. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz050
- Bowles, J. M., Smith, L. R., Mittal, M. L., Harding, R. W., Copulsky, E., Hennessy, G., Dunkle, A., Davidson, P. J., & Wagner, K. D. (2021). "I wanted to close the chapter completely … and I feel like that [carrying naloxone] would keep it open a little bit": Refusal to carry naloxone among newly-abstinent opioid users and 12-step identity. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 94, 103200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103200
- Bradford, A. C., & Bradford, W. D. (2020). The effect of evictions on accidental drug and alcohol mortality. Health Services Research, 55(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13256
- Breslau, J., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Borges, G., Kendler, K. S., Su, M., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). Risk for psychiatric disorder among immigrants and their US-born descendants: Evidence from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(3), 189–195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000243779.35541.c6
- Cano, M. (2019). Prescription opioid misuse among US Hispanics. Addictive Behaviors, 98, 106021. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.06.010
- Cano, M. (2020). Drug overdose deaths among US Hispanics: Trends (2000-2017) and Recent Patterns. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(13), 2138–2147. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1793367
- Cano, M. (2021). Racial/ethnic differences in US drug overdose mortality, 2017-2018. Addictive Behaviors, 112, 106625. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106625
- Cano, M., & Gelpí-Acosta, C. (2021a). Risk of drug overdose mortality for island-born and US-born Puerto Ricans, 2013–2019. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-01077-6
- Cano, M., & Gelpí-Acosta, C. (2021b). Drug overdose mortality among stateside Puerto Ricans: Evidence of a health disparity. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 90, 103079. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103079
- Cano, M., & Gelpí-Acosta, C. (2022). Variation in US drug overdose mortality within and between Hispanic/Latine subgroups: A disaggregation of national data. medRxiv, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.10.22268859
- Cano, M., & Huang, Y. (2021). Overdose deaths involving psychostimulants with abuse potential, excluding cocaine: State-level differences and the role of opioids. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 218, 108384. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108384
- Carroll, J. J., Green, T. C., & Noonan, R. K. (2018). Evidence-based strategies for preventing opioid overdose: What’s working in the United States. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2018-evidence-based-strategies.pdf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2021). Multiple cause of death, 1999–2019. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/datarequest/D77
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2020). Opioid overdose: Enhanced state opioid overdose surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/foa/state-opioid-mm.html
- Ciccarone, D. (2017). Fentanyl in the US heroin supply: A rapidly changing risk environment. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 46, 107–111. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.010
- Dayton, L., Gicquelais, R. E., Tobin, K., Davey-Rothwell, M., Falade-Nwulia, O., Kong, X., Fingerhood, M., Jones, A. A., & Latkin, C. (2019). More than just availability: Who has access and who administers take-home naloxone in Baltimore, MD. PloS One, 14(11), e0224686. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224686
- Dean, A., & Kimmel, S. (2019). Free trade and opioid overdose death in the United States. SSM - Population Health, 8, 100409. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100409
- El-Bassel, N., Shoptaw, S., Goodman-Meza, D., & Ono, H. (2021). Addressing long overdue social and structural determinants of the opioid epidemic. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 222, 108679. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108679
- Frankenfeld, C. L., & Leslie, T. F. (2019). County-level socioeconomic factors and residential racial, Hispanic, poverty, and unemployment segregation associated with drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2013-2017. Annals of Epidemiology, 35, 12–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.04.009
- Friedman, J., Karandinos, G., Hart, L. K., Castrillo, F. M., Graetz, N., & Bourgois, P. (2019). Structural vulnerability to narcotics-driven firearm violence: An ethnographic and epidemiological study of Philadelphia’s Puerto Rican inner-city. PloS One, 14(11), e0225376. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225376
- Gelpí-Acosta, C., Guarino, H., Benoit, E., Deren, S., Pouget, E. R., & Rodríguez, A. (2019). Injection risk norms and practices among migrant Puerto Rican people who inject drugs in New York City: The limits of acculturation theory. International Journal of Drug Policy, 69, 60–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.03.016
- Gelpí-Acosta, C., Guarino, H., Benoit, E., Deren, S., & Rodríguez, A. (2021). Toward community empowerment: The Puerto Rican Ganchero. Contemporary Drug Problems, 48(1), 38–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0091450920964576
- Gladden, R. M., Martinez, P., & Seth, P. (2016). Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths - 27 States, 2013–2014. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65(33), 837–843. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6533a2
- Green, T. C., Case, P., Fiske, H., Baird, J., Cabral, S., Burstein, D., Schwartz, V., Potter, N., Walley, A. Y., & Bratberg, J. (2017). Perpetuating stigma or reducing risk? Perspectives from naloxone consumers and pharmacists on pharmacy-based naloxone in 2 states. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association: JAPhA, 57(2S), S19–S27. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2017.01.013
- Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Khachikian, T., Amaro, H., & Vega, W. A. (2013). Disparities in Latino substance use, service use, and treatment: Implications for culturally and evidence-based interventions under health care reform. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 133(3), 805–813. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.027
- Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M. (2013). Variation in use of buprenorphine and methadone treatment by racial, ethnic, and income characteristics of residential social areas in New York City. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 40(3), 367–377. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3
- Hedegaard, H., Bastian, B. A., Trinidad, J. P., Spencer, M., & Warner, M. (2019). Regional Differences in the Drugs Most Frequently Involved in Drug Overdose Deaths: United States, 2017. National Vital Statistics Reports: From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, 68(12), 1–16.
- Hollingsworth, A., Ruhm, C. J., & Simon, K. (2017). Macroeconomic conditions and opioid abuse. Journal of Health Economics, 56, 222–233. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.07.009
- Housing and Urban Development (2020). Continuum of care homeless assistance programs homeless populations and subpopulations. Housing and Urban Development. https://files.hudexchange.info/reports/published/CoC_PopSub_State_MA_2020.pdf
- Jones, C. M., Warner, M., Hedegaard, H., & Compton, W. (2019). Data quality considerations when using county-level opioid overdose death rates to inform policy and practice. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 204, 107549. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107549
- Kazar, B. M., & Celik, M. (2012). Spatial AutoRegression (SAR) model: Parameter estimation techniques. Springer.
- Kravitz-Wirtz, N., Davis, C. S., Ponicki, W. R., Rivera-Aguirre, A., Marshall, B. D., Martins, S. S., & Cerdá, M. (2020). Association of Medicaid expansion with opioid overdose mortality in the United States. JAMA Network Open, 3(1), e1919066. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.19066
- Mantha, S., Nolan, M. L., Harocopos, A., & Paone, D. (2021). Racial disparities in criminal legal system involvement among New York City overdose decedents: Implications for diversion programs. Drug Alcohol Depend, 226, 108867. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108867
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health. (2021). Opioid-related overdose deaths, all intents- MA residents- Demographic data highlights. Massachusetts Department of Public Health. https://www.mass.gov/doc/opioid-related-overdose-deaths-demographics-november-2021/download
- Mattson, C. L., Tanz, L. J., Quinn, K., Kariisa, M., Patel, P., & Davis, N. L. (2021). Trends and geographic patterns in drug and synthetic opioid overdose deaths – United States, 2013-2019. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(6), 202–207. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7006a4
- Maxwell, J., Cortés, D. E., Schneider, K. L., Graves, A., & Rosman, B. (2011). Massachusetts’ health care reform increased access to care for Hispanics, but disparities remain. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 30(8), 1451–1460. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0347
- McDonald, R., & Strang, J. (2016). Are take-home naloxone programmes effective? Systematic review utilizing application of the Bradford Hill criteria. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 111(7), 1177–1187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13326
- Metzl, J. M., & Hansen, H. (2014). Structural competency: Theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 103, 126–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032
- Monnat, S. M. (2018). Factors associated with county-level differences in US drug-related mortality rates. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(5), 611–619. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.040
- Monnat, S. M. (2019). The contributions of socioeconomic and opioid supply factors to US drug mortality rates: Urban-rural and within-rural differences. Journal of Rural Studies, 68, 319–335. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.12.004
- Monnat, S. M., Peters, D. J., Berg, M. T., & Hochstetler, A. (2019). Using census data to understand county-level differences in overall drug mortality and opioid-related mortality by opioid type. American Journal of Public Health, 109(8), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305136
- Nolan, M. L., Tuazon, E., & Paone, D. (2020). Unintentional drug poisoning (overdose) deaths in New York City in 2019. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Epi Data Brief 122. https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/databrief122.pdf
- Nosrati, E., Kang-Brown, J., Ash, M., McKee, M., Marmot, M., & King, L. P. (2019). Economic decline, incarceration, and mortality from drug use disorders in the USA between 1983 and 2014: An observational analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 4(7), e326–e333. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30104-5
- Parker, K., Horowitz, J. M., Morin, R., & Lopez, M. H. (2015). The many dimensions of Hispanic racial identity. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2015/06/11/chapter-7-the-many-dimensions-of-hispanic-racial-identity/
- Pierce, J. R., & Schott, P. K. (2020). Trade liberalization and mortality: Evidence from US counties. American Economic Review: Insights, 2(1), 47–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20180396
- Pinedo, M. (2019). A current re-examination of racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment: Do disparities persist? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 202, 162–167. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.017
- Rockett, I. R. H., Caine, E. D., Connery, H. S., D’Onofrio, G., Gunnell, D. J., Miller, T. R., Nolte, K. B., Kaplan, M. S., Kapusta, N. D., Lilly, C. L., Nelson, L. S., Putnam, S. L., Stack, S., Värnik, P., Webster, L. R., & Jia, H. (2018). Discerning suicide in drug intoxication deaths: Paucity and primacy of suicide notes and psychiatric history. PloS One, 13(1), e0190200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190200
- Rodriguez, C. E. (2000). Changing race: Latinos, the census, and the history of ethnicity in the United States (Vol. 41). NYU Press.
- Rudolph, K. E., Kinnard, E. N., Aguirre, A. R., Goin, D. E., Feelemyer, J., Fink, D., & Cerda, M. (2020). The relative economy and drug overdose deaths. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 31(4), 551–558. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000001199
- Ruhm, C. J. (2019). Drivers of the fatal drug epidemic. Journal of Health Economics, 64, 25–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.01.001
- Saloner, B., & Cook, B. L. (2013). Blacks and Hispanics are less likely than whites to complete addiction treatment, largely due to socioeconomic factors. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 32(1), 135–145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0983
- Sanchez, G. R., Vargas, E. D., Juarez, M. D., Gomez-Aguinaga, B., & Pedraza, F. I. (2017). Nativity and citizenship status affect Latinos’ health insurance coverage under the ACA. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(12), 2037–2054. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1323450
- Shiels, M. S., Freedman, N. D., Thomas, D., & Berrington de Gonzalez, A. (2018). Trends in U.S. drug overdose deaths in non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic White Persons, 2000-2015. Annals of Internal Medicine, 168(6), 453–455. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-1812
- Shiels, M. S., Berrington de González, A., Best, A. F., Chen, Y., Chernyavskiy, P., Hartge, P., Khan, S. Q., Pérez-Stable, E. J., Rodriquez, E. J., Spillane, S., Thomas, D. A., Withrow, D., & Freedman, N. D. (2019). Premature mortality from all causes and drug poisonings in the USA according to socioeconomic status and rurality: An analysis of death certificate data by County from 2000–15. The Lancet. Public Health, 4(2), e97–e106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30208-1
- United States Census Bureau (2019). 2019 American Community Survey. United States Census Bureau. https://data.census.gov/
- United States Department of Health & Human Services (2018). United States Surgeon General’s advisory on naloxone and opioid overdose. United States Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/priorities/opioids-and-addiction/naloxone-advisory/index.html
- Venkataramani, A. S., Bair, E. F., O’Brien, R. L., & Tsai, A. C. (2020). Association between automotive assembly plant closures and opioid overdose mortality in the United States: A difference-in-differences analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(2), 254–262. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5686
- Walley, A. Y., Xuan, Z., Hackman, H. H., Quinn, E., Doe-Simkins, M., Sorensen-Alawad, A., Ruiz, S., & Ozonoff, A. (2013). Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts: Interrupted time series analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 346, f174. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f174
- Zoorob, M. (2019). Fentanyl shock: The changing geography of overdose in the United States. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 70, 40–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.04.010