The Protective Role of Grit against Alcohol and Cannabis Use through Young Adulthood

References

• Akeo, N. P., Bunyan, E. S., Burgess, K. N., Eckart, D. R., Evensen, S. L., Hirose-Wong, S. M., Majit-Gorion, S. S., Takeshita, C. K., Takeshita, I. K., & Vasconcellos, C. G. (2008). Hui Malama o ke Kai: Mobilizing to prevent youth violence and substance abuse with passion, common goals, and culture. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(3), S67–S71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.12.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, G. M., Welte, J. W., Hoffman, J. H., & Dintcheff, B. A. (2005). Shared predictors of youthful gambling, substance use, and delinquency. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 19(2), 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.19.2.165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton, Y. A., & Miller, L. (2015). Spirituality and positive psychology go hand in hand: An investigation of multiple empirically derived profiles and related protective benefits. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(3), 829–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0045-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Multivariate Software.
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C. S., Suwalsky, J. T. D., & Haynes, O. M. (2003). Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development: The Hollingshead four-factor index of social status and the socioeconomic index of occupations. In M. H. Bornstein & R. H. Bradley (Eds.), Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development (pp. 29–82). Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Boyes, R., O’Sullivan, D. E., Linden, B., McIsaac, M., & Pickett, W. (2017). Gender-specific associations between involvement in team sport culture and Canadian adolescents’ substance-use behavior. SSM - Population Health, 3, 663–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook, J. S., Lee, J. Y., Brown, E. N., Finch, S. J., & Brook, D. W. (2011). Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: Personality and social role outcomes. Psychological Reports, 108(2), 339–357. https://doi.org/10.2466/10.18.Pr0.108.2.339-357[PMC][21675549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, M. (2013). Familial, social, and individual factors contributing to risk for adolescent substance use. Journal of Addiction, 2013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chassin, L., Fora, D. B., & King, K. M. (2004). Trajectories of alcohol and drug use and dependence from adolescence to adulthood: The effects of familial alcoholism and personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(4), 483–498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.113.4.483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassin, L., Pitts, S. C., & Prost, J. (2002). Binge drinking trajectories from adolescence to emerging adulthood in a high-risk sample: Predictors and substance abuse outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.70.1.67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiteji, N. (2010). Time preference, noncognitive sills and wellbeing across the life course: Do noncognitive skills encourage healthy behavior? The American Economic Review, 100(2), 200–204. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.2.200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, H. J., Camiré, M., Wade, T. J., & Cairney, J. (2015). Sport participation and its association with social and psychological factors known to predict substance use and abuse among youth: A scoping review of the literature. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(1), 224–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1068829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleveland, M. J., Feinberg, M. E., Bontempo, D. E., & Greenberg, M. T. (2008). The role of risk and protective factors in substance use across adolescence. The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 43(2), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey, C., & Patton, G. C. (2016). Cannabis use in adolescence and young adulthood: A review of findings from the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 61(6), 318–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716645289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dever, B. V., Schulenberg, J. E., Dworkin, J. B., O’Malley, P. M., Kloska, D. D., & Bachman, J. G. (2012). Predicting risk-taking with and without substance use: The effects of parental monitoring, school bonding, and sports participation. Prevention Science : The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 13(6), 605–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-012-0288-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1087–1101. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087[PMC][17547490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckworth, A. L., & Quinn, P. D. (2009). Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (GritS). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802634290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, M. S. (2014). Association between physical activity and substance use behaviors among high school students participating in the 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Psychological Reports, 114(3), 675–685. https://doi.org/10.2466/18.06.PR0.114k28w7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellickson, P. L., Martino, S. C., & Collins, R. L. (2004). Marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood: Multiple developmental trajectories and their associated outcomes. Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 23(3), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.3.299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskreis-Winkler, L., Shulman, E. P., Beal, S. A., & Duckworth, A. L. (2014). The grit effect: Predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school, and marriage. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1– 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghandour, L. A. (2009). Young adult alcohol involvement: The role of parental monitoring, child disclosure, and parental knowledge during childhood [Dissertation]. Johns Hopkins University.
   Google Scholar
• Gil, A. G., Wagner, E. F., & Tubman, J. G. (2004). Associations between early-adolescent substance use and subsequent young-adult substance use disorders and psychiatric disorders among a multiethnic male sample in South Florida. American Journal of Public Health, 94(9), 1603–1609. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.9.1603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman, R., Meyers, J., & Perez, L. (2004). Structured extracurricular activities among adolescents: Findings and implications for school psychologists. Psychology in the Schools, 41(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, M. L., McDermott, K. A., McHugh, R. K., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Weiss, R. D. (2016). Grit in patients with substance use disorders. The American Journal on Addictions, 25(8), 652–658. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12762[PMC][27759947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm, K., Helm, J., Rodgers, D., & O’Rourke, H. (2021). Analyzing cross-lag effects: A comparison of different cross-lag modeling approaches. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2021(175), 11–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guerrero, L. R., Dudovitz, R., Chung, P. J., Dosanjh, K. K., & Wong, M. D. (2016). Grit: A potential protective factor against substance use and other risk behaviors among Latino adolescents. Academic Pediatrics, 16(3), 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.12.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, J., Hawkins, J. D., Hill, K. G., & Abbott, R. D. (2001). Childhood and adolescent predictors of alcohol abuse and dependence in young adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62(6), 754–762. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2001.62.754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, K. G., White, H. R., Chung, I. J., Hawkins, J. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2000). Early adult outcomes of adolescent binge drinking: Person- and variable-centered analyses of binge drinking trajectories. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(6), 892–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoerr, T. R. (2016). The formative five: Fostering grit, empathy, and other success skills every student needs. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD).
   Google Scholar
• Homel, J., Thompson, K., & Leadbeater, B. (2014). Trajectories of marijuana use in youth ages 15–25: Implications for postsecondary education experiences. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75(4), 674–683. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2014.75.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, M. H., & Nam, J. K. (2021). Enhancing grit: Possibility and intervention strategies. In L. E. van Zyl, C. Olckers, & L. van der Vaart (Eds.), Multidisciplinary perspectives on grit: Contemporary theories, assessments, applications and critiques (pp. 77–93). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Jamshidian, M., Jalal, S., & Jansen, C. (2014). MissMech: An R package for testing homoscedasticity, multivariate normality, and missing completely at random (MCAR). Journal of Statistical Software, 56(6), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v056.i06
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krohn, M. D., Larroulet, P., Thornberry, T. P., & Loughran, T. A. (2019). The effect of childhood conduct problems on early onset substance use: An examination of the mediating and moderating roles of parenting styles. Journal of Drug Issues, 49(1), 139–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042618811784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leadbeater, B., Ames, M. E., Contreras, A., Thompson, K., & Goulet-Stock, S. (2022, 2022/07/04). Parent and peer influences and longitudinal trajectories of cannabis use from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Child and Family Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02353-7
   Google Scholar
• Leadbeater, B., Thompson, K., & Gruppuso, V. (2012). Co-occurring trajectories of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and oppositional defiance from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 41(6), 719–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.694608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lochman, J. E., & van den Steenhoven, A. (2002). Family-based approaches to substance abuse prevention. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 23(1), 49–114. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016591216363
   Google Scholar
• Maggs, J. L., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2004). Trajectories of alcohol use during the transition to adulthood. Alcohol Research & Health, 28(4), 195–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrin, G. J., Ames, M. E., Sturgess, C., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2020). Disruption of transitions in high-risk substance use from adolescence to young adulthood: School, employment, and romantic relationship factors. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(7), 1129–1137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1729200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrin, G. J., & Leadbeater, B. (2018). Do classes of polysubstance use in adolescence differentiate growth in substances used in the transition to young adulthood? Substance Use & Misuse, 53(13), 2112–2124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.145570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, C. A. (2017). Getting grit: The evidence-based approach to cultivating passion, perseverance, and purpose. Sounds True.
   Google Scholar
• Mund, M., & Nestler, S. (2020). Beyond the cross-lagged panel model: Next-generation statistical tools for analyzing interdependencies across the life course. Advances in Life Course Research, 41, 100249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mund, M., Zimmermann, J., & Neyer, F. J. (2018). Personality development in adulthood. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality and individual differences (pp. 260–277). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Napper, L. E., Hummer, J. F., Lac, A., & LaBrie, J. W. (2014). What are other parents saying? Perceived parental communication norms and the relationship between alcohol-specific parental communication and college student drinking. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 28(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oesterle, S., Hawkins, J. D., Hill, K. G., & Bailey, J. A. (2010). Men’s and women’s pathways to adulthood and their adolescent precursors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 1436–1453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Raftery, A. (1995). Bayesian model selection in social research. Sociological Methodology, 25, 111–163. https://doi.org/10.2307/271063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawana, J. S., & Ames, M. E. (2012). Protective predictors of alcohol use trajectories among Canadian Aboriginal youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(2), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9716-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, J., Pritschet, B. L., & Cutton, D. M. (2013). Grit, conscientiousness, and the transtheoretical model of change for exercise behavior. Journal of Health Psychology, 18(5), 612–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105312451866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revelle, W. (2008). psych: Procedures for personality and psychological research. (R package version 1.0–51).
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes, J., May, J., Andrade, J., & Kavanagh, D. (2018). Enhancing grit through functional imagery training in professional soccer. The Sport Psychologist, 32(3), 220–225. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rioux, C., Castellanos-Ryan, N., Parent, S., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., & Séguin, J. R. (2018). Age of cannabis use onset and adult drug abuse symptoms: A prospective study of common risk factors and indirect effects. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 63(7), 457–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743718760289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. http://www.jstatsoft.org/v48/i02/ https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulenberg, J. E., Merline, A. C., Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Laetz, V. B. (2005). Trajectories of marijuana use during the transition to adulthood: The big picture based on national panel data. Journal of Drug Issues, 35(2), 255–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260503500203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2017). Canadian tobacco, alcohol and drugs survey (CTADS). https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2017-summary.html#n4
   Google Scholar
• Stone, A. L., Becker, L. G., Huber, A. M., & Catalano, R. F. (2012). Review of risk and protective factors of substance use and problem use in emerging adulthood. Addictive Behaviors, 37(7), 747–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, M., Collin, S. M., Munafò, M. R., MacLeod, J., Hickman, M., & Heron, J. (2017). Patterns of cannabis use during adolescence and their association with harmful substance use behaviour: Findings from a UK birth cohort. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 71(8), 764–770. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2016-208503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, K., Merrin, G. J., Ames, M. E., & Leadbeater, B. (2018). Marijuana trajectories in Canadian youth: Associations with substance use and mental health. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences du Comportement, 50(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, K., Stockwell, T., Leadbeater, B., & Homel, J. (2014). Association among different measures of alcohol use across adolescence and emerging adulthood. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 109(6), 894–903. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Ryzin, M. J., Fosco, G. M., & Dishion, T. J. (2012). Family and peer predictors of substance use from early adolescence to early adulthood: An 11-year prospective analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 37(12), 1314–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.06.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veliz, P., Schulenberg, J., Patrick, M., Kloska, D., McCabe, S. E., & Zarrett, N. (2017). Competitive sports participation in high school and subsequent substance use in young adulthood: Assessing differences based on level of contact. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 52(2), 240–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690215586998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, H. R., McMorris, B. J., Catalano, R. F., Fleming, C. B., Haggerty, K. P., & Abbott, R. D. (2006). Increases in alcohol and marijuana use during the transition out of high school into emerging adulthood: The effects of leaving home, going to college, and high school protective factors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67(6), 810–822. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitesell, M., Bachand, A., Peel, J., & Brown, M. (2013). Familial, social, and individual factors contributing to risk for adolescent substance use. Journal of Addiction, 2013, 579310. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/579310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wickham, H., François, R., Henry, L., & Müller, K. (2018). dplyr: A grammar of data manipulation. R package version 0.7.6. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr
   Google Scholar
• Widaman, K., Ferrer, E., & Conger, R. (2010). Factorial invariance within longitudinal structural equation models: Measuring the same construct across time. Child Development Perspectives, 4(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00110.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widaman, K. F., & Reise, S. P. (1997). Exploring the measurement invariance of psychological instruments: Applications in the substance use domain. In K. J. Bryant, M. Windle, & S. G. West (Eds.), The science of prevention: Methodological advances from alcohol and substance abuse research (pp. 281–324). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, G. C., Burns, K. E., Battista, K., de Groh, M., Jiang, Y., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2020). 2020/12/01/) High school sport participation and substance use: A cross-sectional analysis of students from the COMPASS study. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 12, 100298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100298
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, M. X., Mou, N. L., Tong, K. K., & Wu, A. M. S. (2018). Investigation of the effects of purpose in life, grit, gratitude, and school belonging on mental distress among Chinese emerging adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), 2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar