Mechanisms of Influence on Youth Substance Use for a Social-Emotional and Character Development Program: A Theory-Based Approach

References

• Bond, L., Butler, H., Thomas, L., Carlin, J., Glover, S., Bowes, G., & Patton, G. (2007). Social and school connectedness in early secondary school as predictors of late teenage substance use, mental health, and academic outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(4), 357.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.10.013
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonell, C. P., Sorhaindo, A. M., Allen, E. E., Strange, V. J., Wiggins, M., Fletcher, A., Oakley, A. R. A., Bond, L. M., Flay, B. R., Patton, G. C., & Rhodes, T. (2010). Pilot multimethod trial of a school-ethos intervention to reduce substance use: Building hypotheses about upstream pathways to prevention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(6), 555–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.04.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cambron, C., Kosterman, R., Catalano, R. F., Guttmannova, K., & Hawkins, J. D. (2018). Neighborhood, family, and peer factors associated with early adolescent smoking and alcohol use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(2), 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0728-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, R. L., Buckley, L., Sheehan, M., & Shochet, I. (2013). School-based programs for increasing connectedness and reducing risk behavior: A systematic review. Educational Psychology Review, 25(1), 95–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-013-9216-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). Methodology of the youth risk behavior surveillance system. http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/index.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, E. T., Greenberg, M. T., & Kusche, C. A. (1995). People In My Life: Attachment relationships in middle childhood [Paper presentation]. Society for Research in Child Development, Indianapolis.
   Google Scholar
• Daly, M., Egan, M., Quigley, J., Delaney, L., & Baumeister, R. F. (2016). Childhood self-control predicts smoking throughout life: Evidence from 21,000 cohort study participants. Health Psychology, 35(11), 1254–1263. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daily, S. M., Mann, M. J., Lilly, C. L., Bias, T. K., Smith, M. L., & Kristjansson, A. L. (2020). School climate as a universal intervention to prevent substance use initiation in early adolescence: A longitudinal study. Health Education & Behavior, 47(3), 402–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198120914250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Water, E., Burk, W. J., Cillessen, A. H., & Scheres, A. (2017). Substance use and decision‐making in adolescent best friendship dyads: The role of popularity. Social Development, 26(4), 860–875. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishion, T. J., Andrews, D. W., & Crosby, L. (1995). Antisocial boys and their friends in early adolescence: Relationship characteristics, quality, and interactional process. Child Development, 66(1), 139–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00861.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dornbusch, S. M., Erickson, K. G., Laird, J., & Wong, C. A. (2001). The relation of family and school attachment to adolescent deviance in diverse groups and communities. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16(4), 396–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558401164006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (2013). An introduction to the bootstrap. CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, D. S., Wilson, W. J., Huizinga, D., Sampson, R. J., Elliott, A., & Rankin, B. (1996). The effects of neighborhood disadvantage on adolescent development. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 33(4), 389–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427896033004002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson, D. M., Swain-Campbell, N. R., & Horwood, L. J. (2002). Deviant peer affiliations, crime and substance use: A fixed effects regression analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(4), 419–430. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015774125952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Suárez, A., Herrero, J., Pérez, B., Juarros-Basterretxea, J., & Rodríguez-Díaz, F. J. (2016). Risk factors for school dropout in a sample of juvenile offenders. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1993. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flay, B. R., & Allred, C. G. (2010). The Positive Action program: Improving academics, behavior and character by teaching comprehensive skills for successful learning and living. In T. Lovat, R. Tommey, N. Clement (Eds.), International research handbook on values education and student wellbeing (pp. 471–501). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Flay, B. R., Snyder, F., & Petraitis, J. (2009). The theory of triadic influence. In R. J. DiClemente, M. C. Kegler, R. A. Crosby (Eds.), Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research (2nd ed., pp. 451–510). Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Gamarel, K. E., Nichols, S., Kahler, C. W., Westfall, A. O., Lally, M. A., & Wilson, C. M. (2018). A cross-sectional study examining associations between substance use frequency, problematic use and STIs among youth living with HIV. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 94(4), 304–308. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillebaart, M. (2018). The ‘operational’ definition of self-control. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1231. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodenow, C. (1993). The psychological sense of school membership among adolescents: Scale development and educational correlates. Psychology in the Schools, 30(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(199301)30:1 ≤ 79::AID-PITS2310300113 ≥ 3.0.CO;2-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, K. L., & Slater, M. D. (2007). The contextual effect of school attachment on young adolescents’ alcohol use. Journal of School Health, 77(2), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00169.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussong, A. M. (2002). Differentiating peer contexts and risk for adolescent substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(3), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015085203097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji, P., Flay, B., & DuBois, D. (2013). Social-emotional and character development scale – Development and initial validation with urban elementary school students. Journal of Research in Character Education, 9(2), 121–147.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, T. M., Epstein, M., Hill, K. G., Bailey, J. A., & Hawkins, J. D. (2019). General and specific predictors of comorbid substance use and internalizing problems from adolescence to age 33. Prevention Science, 20(5), 705–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0959-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Miech, R. A. (2014) Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2013: Volume 1, Secondary school students. University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Kobus, K., & Henry, D. B. (2010). Interplay of network position and peer substance use in early adolescent cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(2), 225–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431609333300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, K. M., Bavarian, N., Snyder, F. J., Acock, A., Day, J., Dubois, D. L., Ji, P., Schure, M. B., Silverthorn, N., Vuchinich, S., & Flay, B. R. (2012). Direct and mediated effects of a social-emotional and character development program on adolescent substance use. The International Journal of Emotional Education, 4(1), 56–78. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar//handle/123456789/6138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis, K. M., DuBois, D. L., Ji, P., Day, J., Silverthorn, N., Bavarian, N., Vuchinich, S., Acock, A., Malloy, M., Schure, M., & Flay, B. R. (2017). Meeting the challenges of longitudinal cluster-based trials in schools: Lessons from the Chicago trial of Positive Action. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 40(4), 450–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278716673688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, J. Y., & Lui, C. K. (2016). Longitudinal associations between substance use and violence in adolescence through adulthood. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 16(1–2), 72–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533256X.2016.1162166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, T. C. (2008). Adolescent substance use in Germany and the United States: A cross-cultural test of the applicability and generalizability of theoretical indicators. European Journal of Criminology, 5(4), 453–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370808095126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. L., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling approaches. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, C., & Greenberg, M. T. (2000). Children’s relationships with teachers and bonds with school: An investigation of patterns and correlates in middle childhood. Journal of School Psychology, 38(5), 423–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4405(00)00034-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Monitoring the future study: Trends in prevalence of various drugs. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trendsstatistics/monitoring-future/monitoring-future-study-trends-in-prevalence-various-drugs.
   Google Scholar
• Poudel, A., & Gautam, S. (2017). Age of onset of substance use and psychosocial problems among individuals with substance use disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1191-0[PMC][28077106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, J. D., & Willet, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spoth, R., Trudeau, L., Shin, C., Randall, G. K., & Mason, W. A. (2019). Testing a model of universal prevention effects on adolescent relationships and marijuana use as pathways to young adult outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(3), 444–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0946-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh, S., Suh, J., & Houston, I. (2007). Predictors of categorical at‐risk high school dropouts. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85(2), 196–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00463.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stueve, A., & O’Donnell, L. N. (2005). Early alcohol initiation and subsequent sexual and alcohol risk behaviors among urban youths. American Journal of Public Health, 95(5), 887–893. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2003.026567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tebes, J. K., Feinn, R., Vanderploeg, J. J., Chinman, M. J., Shepard, J., Brabham, T., Genovese, M., & Connell, C. (2007). Impact of a positive youth development program in urban after-school settings on the prevention of adolescent substance use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(3), 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.02.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, K., Leadbeater, B., Ames, M., & Merrin, G. J. (2019). Associations between marijuana use trajectories and educational and occupational success in young adulthood. Prevention Science, 20(2), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0904-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobler, A. L., & Komro, K. A. (2011). Contemporary options for longitudinal follow-up: Lessons learned from a cohort of urban adolescents. Evaluation and Program Planning, 34(2), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2010.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkov, P. (2018). School dropout and substance use: Consequence or predictor. Trakia Journal of Science, 16(2), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2018.02.004
   Google Scholar
• Van Ryzin, M. J., & Dishion, T. J. (2014). Adolescent deviant peer clustering as an amplifying mechanism underlying the progression from early substance use to late adolescent dependence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 55(10), 1153–1161. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voisin, D. R., & Kim, D. H. (2018). “Broken windows”: Relationship between neighborhood conditions and behavioral health among low-income African American adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(4), 527–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316681064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuchinich, S., Flay, B., Aber, L., & Bickman, L. (2012). Person mobility in the design and analysis of cluster-randomized cohort prevention trials. Prevention Science, 13(3), 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0265-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weatherson, K. A., O’Neill, M., Lau, E. Y., Qian, W., Leatherdale, S. T., & Faulkner, G. E. (2018). The protective effects of school connectedness on substance use and physical activity. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(6), 724–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills, T. A., & Stoolmiller, M. (2002). The role of self-control in early escalation of substance use: A time-varying analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 986–997. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.70.4.986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills, T. A., Ainette, M. G., Stoolmiller, M., Gibbons, F. X., & Shinar, O. (2008). Good self-control as a buffering agent for adolescent substance use: An investigation in early adolescence with time-varying covariates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22(4), 459–471. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills, T. A., Walker, C., Mendoza, D., & Ainette, M. G. (2006). Behavioral and emotional self-control: Relations to substance use in samples of middle and high school students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(3), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.20.3.265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshikawa, H., Aber, J. L., & Beardslee, W. R. (2012). The effects of poverty on the mental, emotional, and behavioral health of children and youth: Implications for prevention. American Psychologist, 67(4), 272–284. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar