Overdose Experiences among People Who Inject Drugs in West Virginia: Personal Loss, Psychological Distress, Naloxone, and Fentanyl

References

• Ahmad, F. B., Rossen, L. M., & Sutton, P. (2020). Vital statistics rapid release: Provisional drug overdose death counts. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm
   Google Scholar
• Beaulieu, T., Hayashi, K., Nosova, E., Milloy, M.-J., DeBeck, K., Wood, E., Kerr, T., & Ti, L. (2020). Effect of witnessing an overdose on the use of drug checking services among people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 46(4), 506–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1708087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeije, H. (2002). A purposeful approach to the constant comparative method in the analysis of qualitative interviews. Quality and Quantity, 36(4), 391–409. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020909529486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colledge, S., Peacock, A., Leung, J., Larney, S., Grebely, J., Hickman, M., Cunningham, E., Trickey, A., Stone, J., Vickerman, P., & Degenhardt, L. (2019). The prevalence of non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs: A multi-stage systematic review and meta-analysis. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 73, 172–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, P. J., Ochoa, K. C., Hahn, J. A., Evans, J. L., & Moss, A. R. (2002). Witnessing heroin-related overdoses: the experiences of young injectors in San Francisco. Addiction, 97(12), 1511–1516. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00210.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deitz, M. F., Williams, S. L., Rife, S. C., & Cantrell, P. (2015). Examining cultural, social, and self-related aspects of stigma in relation to sexual assault and trauma symptoms. Violence against Women, 21(5), 598–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadanelli, M., Cloud, D. H., Ibragimov, U., Ballard, A. M., Prood, N., Young, A. M., & Cooper, H. L. (2020). People, places, and stigma: A qualitative study exploring the overdose risk environment in rural Kentucky. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 85, 102588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, B. L., Porter, R. R., Zöld, A. L., & Terhorst-Miller, H. (2020). Preventing opioid overdose with peer-administered naloxone: findings from a rural state. Harm Reduction Journal, 17(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-019-0352-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedegaard, H., Miniño, A. M., & Warner, M. (2020). Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999–2019. National Center for Health Statistics. National vital statistics reports; v. 69, no. 9; DHHS publication; no. (PHS) 2019-1120; https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/61308
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, L. K., Southwick, S. M., & Kosten, T. R. (2001). Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the literature. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(8), 1184–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelty, E., & Hulse, G. (2017). Fatal and non-fatal opioid overdose in opioid dependent patients treated with methadone, buprenorphine or implant naltrexone. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 46, 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larochelle, M. R., Liebschutz, J. M., Zhang, F., Ross-Degnan, D., & Wharam, J. F. (2016). Opioid prescribing after nonfatal overdose and association with repeated overdose: A cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 164(1), 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latkin, C. A., Edwards, C., Davey-Rothwell, M. A., Yang, C., & Tobin, K. E. (2018). The relationship between drug use settings, roles in the drug economy, and witnessing a drug overdose in Baltimore, Maryland. Substance Abuse, 39(3), 384–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, W. K., Hayashi, K., DeBeck, K., Milloy, M., Grant, C., Wood, E., & Kerr, T. (2020). Association between posttraumatic stress disorder and nonfatal drug overdose. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(4), 373–380. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olfson, M., Wall, M., Wang, S., Crystal, S., & Blanco, C. (2018). Risks of fatal opioid overdose during the first year following nonfatal overdose. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 190, 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peiper, N. C., Clarke, S. D., Vincent, L. B., Ciccarone, D., Kral, A. H., & Zibbell, J. E. (2019). Fentanyl test strips as an opioid overdose prevention strategy: Findings from a syringe services program in the Southeastern United States. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 63, 122–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, N. P., Roberts, P. A., Jones, N., & Bisson, J. I. (2015). Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 38, 25–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouhani, S., Park, J. N., Morales, K. B., Green, T. C., & Sherman, S. G. (2019). Harm reduction measures employed by people using opioids with suspected fentanyl exposure in Boston, Baltimore, and Providence. Harm Reduction Journal, 16(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-019-0311-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saldafia, J. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, K. E., Tomko, C., Nestadt, D. F., Silberzahn, B. E., White, R. H., & Sherman, S. G. (2020). Conceptualizing overdose trauma: the relationships between experiencing and witnessing overdoses with PTSD symptoms among street-recruited female sex workers in Baltimore, Maryland. International Journal of Drug Policy, 92, 102859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholl, L., Seth, P., Kariisa, M., Wilson, N., & Baldwin, G. (2019). Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths—United States, 2013–2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(51–52), 1419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuckit, M. A. (2006). Comorbidity between substance use disorders and psychiatric conditions. Addiction, 101, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01592.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torchalla, I., Nosen, L., Rostam, H., & Allen, P. (2012). Integrated treatment programs for individuals with concurrent substance use disorders and trauma experiences: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 42(1), 65–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman, S. E., Relyea, M., Peter-Hagene, L., & Vasquez, A. L. (2013). Trauma histories, substance use coping, PTSD, and problem substance use among sexual assault victims. Addictive Behaviors, 38(6), 2219–2223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. (2019). QuickFacts: Cabell County, West Virginia. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/cabellcountywestvirginia
   Google Scholar
• Verelst, A., De Schryver, M., Broekaert, E., & Derluyn, I. (2014). Mental health of victims of sexual violence in eastern Congo: associations with daily stressors, stigma, and labeling. BMC Women’s Health, 14(1), 106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zibbell, J., Howard, J., Clarke, S., Ferrell, A., & Karon, S. (2019). Non-fatal opioid overdose and associated health outcomes (Final Summary Report). Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation.
   Google Scholar