Medications for Opioid Use Disorder in Rural United States: A Critical Review of the Literature, 2004–2021

References

• Alanis-Hirsch, K., Croff, R., Ford, J. H., II, Johnson, K., Chalk, M., Schmidt, L., & McCarty, D. (2016). Extended-release naltrexone: A qualitative analysis of barriers to routine use. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 62, 68–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrilla, C. H. A., Coulthard, C., & Larson, E. H. (2017). Barriers rural physicians face prescribing buprenorphine for opioid use disorder. Annals of Family Medicine, 15(4), 359–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrilla, C. H. A., Moore, T. E., & Patterson, D. G. (2019). Overcoming barriers to prescribing buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid use disorder: Recommendations from rural Physicians. The Journal of Rural Health, 35(1), 113–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum, K., Chen, T. J., Bailey, J., Bowirrat, A., Femino, J., Chen, A. L., Simpatico, T., Morse, S., Giordano, J., Damle, U., Kerner, M., Braverman, E. R., Fornari, F., Downs, B. W., Rector, C., Barh, D., & Oscar-Berman, M. (2011). Can the chronic administration of the combination of buprenorphine and naloxone block dopaminergic activity causing anti-reward and relapse potential? Molecular Neurobiology, 44(3), 250–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum, K., Gold, M., Clark, H. W., Dushaj, K., & Badgaiyan, R. D. (2016). Should the united states government repeal restrictions on buprenorphine/naloxone treatment? Substance Use & Misuse, 51(12), 1674–1679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum, K., Han, D., Modestino, E. J., Saunders, S., Roy, A. K., III, Jacobs, W., Inaba, D. S., Baron, D., Oscar-Berman, M., Hauser, M., Badgaiyan, R. D., Smith, D. E., Femino, J., & Gold, M. S. (2018). A systematic, intensive statistical investigation of data from the comprehensive analysis of reported drugs (CARD) for compliance and illicit opioid abstinence in substance addiction treatment with buprenorphine/naloxone. Substance Use & Misuse, 53(2), 220–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum, K., Oscar-Berman, M., Jacobs, W., McLaughlin, T., & Gold, M. S. (2014). Buprenorphine response as a function of neurogenetic polymorphic antecedents: Can dopamine genes affect clinical outcomes in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)? Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, 05(03), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000185
   Google Scholar
• Bogan, C., Jennings, L., Haynes, L., Barth, K., Moreland, A., Oros, M., Goldsby, S., Lane, S., Funcell, C., & Brady, K. (2020). Implementation of emergency department–initiated buprenorphine for opioid use disorder in a rural southern state. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 112, 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2020.02.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, T., Priester, M. A., Clone, S., Iachini, A., DeHart, D., & Hock, R. (2016). Barriers and facilitators to substance use treatment in the rural south: A qualitative study. The Journal of Rural Health, 32(1), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Understanding the epidemic. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Urban-rural differences in drug overdose death rates, 1999–2019. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db403.htm#:∼:text=Data%20from%20the%20National%20Vital,to%2019.6%20in%20rural%20counties.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022a). NVSS Vital statistics rapid release: Provisional drug overdose death counts. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b). Drug overdose. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/deaths/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Cole, E. S., DiDomenico, E., Cochran, G., Gordon, A. J., Gellad, W. F., Pringle, J., Warwick, J., Chang, C., Kim, J., Kmiec, J., Kelley, D., & Donohue, J. M. (2019). The role of primary care in improving access to medication-assisted treatment for rural Medicaid enrollees with opioid use disorder. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 34(6), 936–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick, A. W., Pacula, R. L., Gordon, A. J., Sorbero, M., Burns, R. M., Leslie, D., & Stein, B. D. (2015). Access to care. Growth in buprenorphine waivers for physicians increased potential access to opioid agonist treatment, 2002–11. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 34(6), 1028–1034. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, K. E., Barrett, F. S., Yepez-Laubach, C., Meyer, A. C., Hruska, B. J., Petrush, K., Berman, S., Sigmon, S. C., Fingerhood, M., & Bigelow, G. E. (2016). Opioid overdose experience, risk behaviors, and knowledge in drug users from a rural versus an urban setting. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 71, 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García, M. C., Heilig, C. M., Lee, S. H., Faul, M., Guy, G., Iademarco, M. F., Hempstead, K., Raymond, D., & Gray, J. (2019). Opioid prescribing rates in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan counties among primary care providers using an electronic health record system - United States, 2014–2017. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68(2), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6802a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, E., Catlin, M., Andrilla, C. H. A., Baldwin, L.-M., & Rosenblatt, R. A. (2014). Barriers to primary care physicians prescribing buprenorphine. Annals of Family Medicine, 12(2), 128–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, C. M., & McCance‐Katz, E. F. (2019). Characteristics and prescribing practices of clinicians recently waivered to prescribe buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid use disorder. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 114(3), 471–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, E. B. (2018). Medication-assisted opioid treatment prescribers in federally qualified health centers: Capacity lags in rural areas. The Journal of Rural Health, 34(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling, W., Nadipelli, V. R., Solem, C. T., Ronquest, N. A., Yeh, Y. C., Learned, S. M., Mehra, V., & Heidbreder, C. (2020). Effects of monthly buprenorphine extended-release injections on patient-centered outcomes: A long-term study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 110, 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, D. E., Lavoie, A. M., Zwick, W. R., Kunz, K., Bumgardner, M. A., & Molina, Y. (2019). Integrating addiction medicine into rural primary care: Strategies and initial outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(10), 952–961. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarty, D., Rieckmann, T., Green, C., Gallon, S., & Knudsen, J. (2004). Training rural practitioners to use buprenorphine: Using the change book to facilitate technology transfer. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 26(3), 203–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, M., Benvenuto, A., Howard, D., Johnston, A., Plante, D., Metayer, J., & Mandell, T. (2012). Development of a substance abuse program for opioid-dependent nonurban pregnant women improves outcome. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 6(2), 124–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, A. M., Strunk, D., & Fiellin, D. A. (2018). State responses to the opioid crisis. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 46(2), 367–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110518782946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parran, T. V., Adelman, C. A., Merkin, B., Pagano, M. E., Defranco, R., Ionescu, R. A., & Mace, A. G. (2010). Long-term outcomes of office-based buprenorphine/naloxone maintenance therapy. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 106(1), 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt, A. L., Humphreys, K., & Brandeau, M. L. (2018). Modeling health benefits and harms of public policy responses to the US opioid epidemic. American Journal of Public Health, 108(10), 1394–1400. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quest, T. L., Merrill, J. O., Roll, J., Saxon, A. J., & Rosenblatt, R. A. (2012). Buprenorphine therapy for opioid addiction in rural Washington: The experience of the early adopters. Journal of Opioid Management, 8(1), 29–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenblatt, R. A., Catlin, M., Larson, E. H., & Andrilla, C. H. A. (2015). Geographic and specialty distribution of US physicians trained to treat opioid use disorder. Annals of Family Medicine, 13(1), 23–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samples, H., Williams, A. R., Crystal, S., & Olfson, M. (2020). Impact Of Long-Term Buprenorphine Treatment On Adverse Health Care Outcomes In Medicaid: The impact of longer treatment on health care outcomes for opioid use disorder within a key population of Medicaid enrollees. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 39(5), 747–755. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01085
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sigmon, S. C. (2014). Access to treatment for opioid dependence in rural America: Challenges and future directions. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(4), 359–360. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solli, K. K., Latif, Z., Opheim, A., Krajci, P., Sharma, H. K., Benth, J. Š., Tanum, L., & Kunoe, N. (2018). Effectiveness, safety and feasibility of extended‐release naltrexone for opioid dependence: A 9‐month follow‐up to a 3‐month randomized trial. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 113(10), 1840–1849. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solli, K. K., Opheim, A., Latif, Z., Krajci, P., Benth, J. Š., Kunoe, N., & Tanum, L. (2021). Adapting treatment length to opioid‐dependent individuals’ needs and preferences: A 2‐year follow‐up to a 1‐year study of extended‐release naltrexone. Addiction, 116(8), 2084–2093. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, B. D., Gordon, A. J., Sorbero, M., Dick, A. W., Schuster, J., & Farmer, C. (2012). The impact of buprenorphine on treatment of opioid dependence in a Medicaid population: Recent service utilization trends in the use of buprenorphine and methadone. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 123(1–3), 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, B. D., Pacula, R. L., Gordon, A. J., Burns, R. M., Leslie, D. L., Sorbero, M. J., Bauhoff, S., Mandell, T. W., & Dick, A. W. (2015). Where is buprenorphine dispensed to treat opioid use disorders? The role of private offices, opioid treatment programs, and substance abuse treatment facilities in urban and rural counties. Milbank Quarterly, 93(3), 561–583. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019). Medication and counseling treatment. https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/treatment#medications-used-in-mat
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2022). Naltrexone. https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/naltrexone#:∼:text=Intramuscular%20extended%20release%20Naltrexone%20is,Assisted%20Treatment%20(MAT)%20option
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Justice. (n.d.). DEA requirements for DATA waivered physicians. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/docs/dwp_buprenorphine.htm
   Google Scholar
• Weintraub, E., Greenblatt, A. D., Chang, J., Himelhoch, S., & Welsh, C. (2018). Expanding access to buprenorphine treatment in rural areas with the use of telemedicine. The American Journal on Addictions, 27(8), 612–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., Bastian, J. R., Zhao, W., Chen, H., Shaik, I. H., Chaphekar, N., Caritis, S. N., & Venkataramanan, R. (2020). Pregnancy alters CYP- and UGT-mediated metabolism of buprenorphine. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 42(2), 264–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar